In this study, a lab-scale microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed and power generation output was investigated for 45 days of operation. Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) and Iron/copper nanoparticles (Cu/NZVI) were added to the anode chamber of the MFC with a concentration of 10 mg/L and their effects were investigated on the MFC performance. Results showed that the maximal power output density values increased by 43.33 % using copper/iron nanoparticles compared to the control MFC. Anode chamber was examined, and results proved that conductivity increased by 13.68% and 23.62% using NZVI and Cu/NZVI, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand COD was tested, and the removal efficiency reached 38.88%, 38.26%, and 52.40% for control, NZVI, and Cu/NZVI MFCs, respectively after 45 days of operation. This study highlights the effect of nanoparticles technology on power generation from activated sludge using microbial fuel cells (MFCs).

In this study, mini review is introduced on the features of the red microalgae (RMA) and its biotechnological potential in different applications. Since it has unique extremophilic features, Galdieria Sulphuraria (GS) is considered to be a perfect microorganism candidate for various biotechnological applications in water treatment systems. Special interest has been oriented towards the applications of GS in water treatment systems, such as nutrients, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and heavy metals (HMs) removal from wastewater. Also, different future prospects have been suggested in terms of the new and innovative applications of GS in water treatment based on the gaps in the literature, including phycoremediation of HMs, bio-resin production, bio-substrate for nanoparticles, and pharmaceuticals removal from wastewater. Finally, the challenges and limitations of employing GS in biotechnological applications have been reviewed, which revealed that using GS has a great potential in largescale outdoor cultivation without becoming contaminated with other microorganisms.