With the speeding up of social activities, rapid changes in lifestyles, and an increase in the pressure in professional fields, people are suffering from several types of sleep-related disorders. It is a very tedious task for clinicians to monitor the entire sleep durations of the subjects and analyse the sleep staging in traditional and manual laboratory environmental methods. For the purpose of accurate diagnosis of different sleep disorders, we have considered the automated analysis of sleep epochs, which were collected from the subjects during sleep time. The complete process of an automated approach of sleep stages' classification is majorly executed through four steps: pre-processing the raw signals, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. In this study, we have extracted 12 statistical properties from input signals. The proposed models are tested in three different combinations of features sets. In the first experiment, the feature set contained all the 12 features. The second and third experiments were conducted with the nine and five best features. The patient records come from the ISRUC-Sleep database. The highest classification accuracy was achieved for sleep staging through combinations with the five feature set. From the categories of the subjects, the reported accuracy results were found to exceed above 90%. As per the outcome from the proposed system the random forest classification techniques achieved best accuracy incomparable to that of the other two classifiers.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In this paper, we have proposed, analyzed, and veri ed theperformance of an optimized plasmonic 10-dB directional coupler and a 3-dB directional coupler in 2-D plasmonic waveguides using nite-differencetime-domain (FDTD) method. A plasmonic 10-dB directional coupler and a 3-dB directional coupler are based on the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) slab waveguide and analyzed at the telecommunication wavelength (λ) of 1550 nm. Here, coupling and transmission characteristics are analyzed with the optimized separation distance between the two parallel waveguides. The developed approach ensures the minimization of the crosstalk and overall directional coupler length via simultaneous adjustment of the separation distance between the parallel waveguide and length of the linear waveguide. Then an optimized structure is acquired by trading off between coupling length and separation distance. The proposed 10-dB directional coupler and 3-dB directional coupler features good energy con nement, ultracompact and low propagation loss, which has potential applications in photonic integrated devices, optical signal processors, and other all-optical switching devices.

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In this paper, we have proposed, analyzed, and verified theperformance of an optimized plasmonic 10-dB directional coupler and a 3-dB directional coupler in 2-D plasmonic waveguides using finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. A plasmonic 10-dB directional coupler and a 3-dB directional coupler are based on the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) slab waveguide and analyzed at the telecommunication wavelength (λ) of 1550 nm. Here, coupling and transmission characteristics are analyzed with the optimized separation distance between the two parallel waveguides. The developed approach ensures the minimization of the crosstalk and overall directional coupler length via simultaneous adjustment of the separation distance between the parallel waveguide and length of the linear waveguide. Then an optimized structure is acquired by trading off between coupling length and separation distance. The proposed 10-dB directional coupler and 3-dB directional coupler features good energy confinement, ultra-compact and low propagation loss, which has potential applications in photonic integrated devices, optical signal processors, and other all-optical switching devices.

No abstract