Energy consumption in MobileAdhoc Network (MANET) is a topic of research from more than a decade. Althoughthere are multiple archival of literatures, that have proposed variousenergy-efficient algorithms for reducing the energy consumption to improveenergy efficiency. Establishing correct and reliable route is important designissue in MANET, but a more challenging goal is to provide energy efficientroute. But, it was observed that majority of such energy efficient routingprotocols just give symptomatic solution which addresses and mitigated theenergy issues overlooking various associated issues like quality of services.Moreover, in majority of research previous studies it is found that AODV andDSDV are highly in adoption rate among the researcher for solving energy issuesusing routing protocols. This manuscript after reviewing some of thesignificant literatures in past explored issues in existing AODV and DSDVand  proposes a novel energy efficientrouting protocols by incorporating a new actor called availability zone. Theproposed model shows better energy efficiency and QoS compared to AODV andDSDV.

No abstract

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes. It can be constructed anywhere without any infrastructure. The mobile nodes are equipped with energylimited batteries. An important issue in such a network is to minimize the total energy consumption for each operation. In MANET each node acts as a store and forward station for routing packets. As the nodes are highly dynamic, maintaining routes become a greater challenge.Multicasting is one of the fundamental mechanism, which can be typically implemented by creating a multicast tree. It is achieved by forming minimum spanning tree between the source nodes and other mobile nodes in the network and then data is transmitted over this minimum path. In this paper we are focusing on designing energy efficient routing algorithms for creating minimum spanning tree. It first uses AODV as basic protocol, then we are designing a distributed algorithm for finding the approximate distance between nodes. We have conducted experiments by simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm and compare it with the basic AODV. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces energy consumption, delay and improves throughput and packet delivery ratio.

No abstract

Rural people are migrating towards urban areas to search the better opportunities for last couple of decades. Basic infrastructure facilities available in rural area are very less. Due to the lack of development and opportunities rural community will migrate to urban areas in search of jobs. This causes decline in economy of rural areas. Special focus has to be given for rural development which can enhance economy, social status and life style and living standards of the rural people. The task is to find different ways of using the ICT to assist development in activity in rural to improve living standard and achieve a specific goal or objective Agriculture is one of the major components of economy and plays a key role in the nation development. But improvements in agricultural sector are uneven and disappointing. ICT has the potential to address the challenges, however use of the technology in agricultural and rural areas is very slow. Purpose of the proposed study is to review the opportunities, potential and contribution of ICT in agricultural sector