Effect of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) and disaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose) as carbon sources on growth and sporulation rate of Bacillus thuringiensis MPK13 as well as -endotoxin production was investigated using 400 ml shake flasks culture. Substantially high growth and sporulation rate were obtained in cultivation using glucose and sucrose. Fructose, galactose, lactose and maltose were also able to support growth, but failed to enhance high sporulation rate. In general, high sporulation rate was related with high growth rate and high viable cell count (>1.5 x 10 12 cfu/ml). However, the presence of appropriate quantity of glucose was required to trigger -endotoxin formation. The presence of -endotoxin with molecular weight of 130 kD assayed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), was only detected after 48 h of cultivation using 8 g/L glucose as the sole carbon source. Although good growth with high spore production was obtained in cultivation using a mixture of glucose (4 g/L) with other sugars, the spores produced contained no endotoxin. The existence of -endotoxin was also observed in cultivation using a mixture of various sugars (fructose, sucrose, maltose and lactose) with 8 g/L glucose, indicating that high glucose (> 8 g/L) must be present in the culture to trigger -endotoxin formation in the spores of Bacillus thuringiensis MPK13.

This study aims to analyze the mathematical problem solving ability of students in working on TIMSS questions on geometry material. This qualitative study using student subjects aged 13─15 years as many as 5 students were selected by purposive sampling.The analytical technique used is descriptive analysis, the data from the problem solving ability test results are analyzed using a problem-solving assessment rubric that has been determined by referring to the problem-solving steps according to Polya. The results showed that the re-examination stage is the stage that is most often forgotten as a result, errors often occur both in the results of the settlement and the formula used. So it can be concluded that the students mathematical problem solving ability in solving the TIMSS questions on geometry material is quite good.

Taking advantage of technological developments that are developing very quickly is a profitable thing, especially regarding the government's efforts to reduce the burden on underprivileged people, namely by providing Direct Cash Assistance or abbreviated as BLT. Being on target is a must so it is really useful for those in need. The system method used is the TOPSIS method or Technique For Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, using the TOPSIS method, it is hoped that the assessment will be more precise because it is based on the value of criteria and weights that have been determined so that it will get more accurate results.

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Kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pengelolaan sampah yang baik menyebabkan volume sampah terus meningkat sehingga berdampak pada penurunan kualitas lingkungan. Melalui sosialisasi dalam rangka mengatasi permasalahan sampah, maka hal utama yang diperlukan adalah kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya menjaga kebersihan lingkungan melalui pengelolaan sampah yang baik. Ibu rumah tangga merupakan bagian dari masyarakat yang mengahasilkan limbah atau sampah setiap harinya. Sehingga peran ibu rumah tangga menjadi sangat penting untuk meminimalisir volume sampah yang dihasilkan.Pengabdian ini dinyatakan berhasil ditinjau dari aspek afektif dan kognitif, peserta pelatihan telah memahami pentingnya pengolahan sampah dan pembuatan komposter Aerob dan Anaerob. Oleh karena itu untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan kegiatan ini maka metode yang digunakan adalah dengan memberikan kuesioner yang dibagikan sebelum dan setelah pemaparan materi yang berisi pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan materi pelatihan. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan pengabdian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemaparan materi yang disampaikan, diterima dengan baik dan mampu menarik minat peserta untuk terlibat aktif dalam skusi karena disampaikan audio, visual dan diskusi. Sehingga didapatkan peningkatan pengetahuan peserta tentang Pelatihan Ibu Rumah Tangga Dan Pemuda Karang Taruna Dalam Pengelolaan Sampah Untuk Mendukung Peningkatan Kualitas Lingkungan Dan Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat Lokal yang diketahui perbandingan dari hasil kuisioner yang telah dibagikan sebelum dan sesudah penerimaan materi.