The main features of the urban boundary layer in the metropolitan region of São Paulo are estimated based on rawinsondes carried out (a) every 3 hr in two 10‐day field campaigns of the MCITY BRAZIL Project during the summer and winter of 2013 and (b) regularly once per day and continuously for 4 years from 2009 to 2013. On average, the boundary layer height showed a daytime maximum of 1476 ± 149 m in summer and 1122 ± 168 m in winter campaigns. The differences are related to seasonal variations in the (a) buoyancy flux at the surface, which was 30% larger in summer (4.7 ± 0.6 MJ m−2 day−1), and the (b) static stability of the free atmosphere, which was 15% smaller in summer (3.3 ± 0.1 K km−1). The average nighttime boundary layer height, estimated from equilibrium empirical expression, indicated maximum of 126 ± 13 m in summer and 122 ± 10 m in winter campaigns. The presence of a low‐level jet was identified in 80% of the field campaign nights, with intensity varying from 2.7 to 14 m s−1 and height ranging from 95 to 962 m. The nighttime residual‐mixing layer is well estimated using the air temperature gradient method and is a good indication of the maximum vertical evolution of the previous daytime boundary layer. The monthly average maximum boundary layer height varied from a minimum of 1,061 ± 77 m in September to maximum of 1,632 ± 96 m in May.

The main features of low‐level jet (LLJ) in the metropolitan region of São Paulo (MRSP), Brazil, are assessed using rawinsondes carried out: (a) every 3‐hr during 10‐consecutive days in summer and winter field campaigns of the MCITY BRAZIL Project in 2013, (b) at 0900 and 2100 local time, from September 2009 to August 2013. These observations indicate that the LLJ is a typical feature of the MRSP, observed in 85% of the 20 days of the field‐campaigns and 77.6% of the 1,446 days of regular rawinsonde period. The fine temporal and spatial resolution soundings indicate that most of the LLJs occur during nighttime and early in the morning, with mean intensity of 8.5 ± 0.3 m s−1, height of 539 ± 26 m, and mostly (52.5%) from east and north. The coarse resolution soundings indicate the LLJ display a seasonal variation with maximum intensity in October (8.6 ± 0.3 m s−1) and a minimum in February (7.1 ± 0.2 m s−1), a maximum height in March (703 ± 151 m) and a minimum in June (577 ± 151 m). During MCITY campaigns about 76.4% of LLJ events show inertial oscillation and 35.3% of them are combined with sea breeze. Only 17.6% of LLJ events are associated with cold fronts and post‐frontal high pressure system. The urban heat island intensity, surface inversion layer strength, particulate matter 2.5 and carbon monoxide concentrations are negatively correlated with the LLJ intensity, suggesting the jet‐induced turbulent mixing may contribute to reduce them.

RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar as reações neutrino-núcleo com o modelo CRISP. Para simular essas reações, o CRISP utiliza o método de Monte Carlo através de un modelo de cascata intranuclear. Foram implementados os canais quase-elásticos, formação de ressonâncias bariônicas e espalhamento inelástico profundo da interação neutrino-núcleon. Também foi implementado o canal de produção coerente de píons para a reação neutrino-núcleo. Foi atualizada a interação píon-núcleon para uma melhor simulação da cascata intranuclear em relação a versões anteriores do CRISP. Nesse sentido foram agregadas novas ressonâncias bariônicas e seus respectivos canais de decaimento, e implementadas as reações de produção direita de píons NN → NNπ e de absorção de píon por um par de núcleons πNN → NN. Foi mostrada a influência do meio nuclear nas interações implementadas, como o movimento fermiônico, o bloqueio de Pauli, as interações 2p2h e a propagação das ressonâncias bariônicas. Foram realizadas comparações com dados experimentais fornecidos pelas experiências MiniBooNE e MINERvA para as reações ν µ ( νµ ) + 12 C, ν µ ( νµ ) +CH 2 e ν µ ( νµ ) +CH, obtendo-se, em geral, uma boa concordância com os dados experimentais. Também foram realizadas comparações com os geradores de eventos NUANCE, GiBUU, NEUT, NuWRo e GENIE, obtendo em muitos casos, uma melhor reprodução dos dados experimentais com o modelo CRISP.

Within this work, a Nuclei-Nuclei reaction model was developed and implemented in CRISP code. The nuclei are considered spheric with energy level following a Fermi gas model. The incident nuclei trajectory is determined using classical mechanics considering Coulomb scattering. The individual nucleons of the projectile nuclei are followed during the approximation trajectory; once they reach the target nuclei surface two processes are allowed: a reflexion in the target nuclear surface or they can pass through it and interact with one of the nucleons of the target, in which case the intranuclear cascade phase is initiated. Using CRISP code was studied the importance of peripherical coalition between both nuclei (target and beam). Total reaction cross section, the double differential cross section from proton and neutron emission, spallation reaction fragments cross section, fission residual mass cross section was studied for differents cases; showing better results for systems with less rest mass and less excitation energy.