Sesame is used mainly to obtain oil, generating a sesame by-product cake that is rich in protein, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Extrusion is an efficient technology to obtain functional foods. The aim of this work was to optimize the extrusion process to find the best combination of extrusion temperature (ET)/screw speed (SS) in order to produce optimized extruded sesame by-product flour (OESBF), with high values of water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AoxA). A rotatable composite central experimental design with two factors and five levels was applied. Desirability function was used to optimize the extrusion process variables. The best combination of extrusion process variables was ET = 139 °C/80 rpm. The OESBF showed higher values of evaluated responses than unprocessed sesame by-product flour, suggesting that OESBF could be used in beverages, porridges, and deserts.

The current market demands gluten-free (GF) foods with better nutritional/nutraceutical value. In this study, a functional GF beverage (GFB) from a flours mixture of optimized extruded quinoa (OEQ) (70%) and extruded defatted chia (EDC) (30%) was developed. To obtain OEQ, a central composed experimental design with two factors (extrusion temperature [TE] = 60 °C-140 °C and screw speed [VT] = 60 rpm-240 rpm) and three responses (antioxidant activity [AoxA], total phenolic compounds [TPC], and in vitro protein digestibility [IVPD]) was used. The optimal extrusion conditions for OEQ were 138 °C/138 rpm, and for EDC they were 147 °C/237 rpm (obtained in a previous work). The mixture had calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) = 2.28 and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory potential (IC50) = 0.271 mg/ml. 200 ml of functional GFB contains 5.61 g of good quality protein, 6.13 g of dietary fiber, 88 kcal, and AoxA = 5091 µmol TE. The functional GFB is a healthy alternative for celiac people.

El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar un alimento funcional para adultos mayores (AFAM) con valores altos de aceptabilidad sensorial, propiedades nutricionales, contenido de compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante, usando una mezcla 60%:40% de harinas de maíz y frijol común integrales obtenidas por extrusión con condiciones optimizadas. Las condiciones de extrusión usadas fueron temperatura de extrusión (TE = 95 ºC-195 ºC) y velocidad del tornillo (VT = 80 rpm-240 rpm). Una superficie de respuesta de la función matemática de deseabilidad global se usó para maximizar la actividad antioxidante y aceptabilidad. Las mejores combinaciones de variables de proceso fueron harina de maíz integral extrudido: TE = 97 °C/VT = 236 rpm, y harina de frijol común integral extrudido: TE = 152 ºC/VT = 240 rpm. La mezcla optimizada tuvo actividad antioxidante = 12 384 μmol de ET/100 g y relación de eficiencia proteínica calculada (C-PER) = 2.24. Una porción de AFAM (150 g) contiene 6.85 g de proteínas, 9.91 g de fibra dietaria total y cubre 100% de la ingesta diaria recomendada de antioxidantes calificada con una aceptabilidad de 85. El AFAM optimizado podría utilizarse para promover salud y prevenir enfermedades.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of optimized extrusion cooking process on antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of desi chickpea cultivars. Three desi chickpea cultivars (Brown-ICC3512, Red-ICC13124, Black-ICC3761) were studied. Extrusion was carried out in a single-screw extruder; the operation conditions were previously optimized to obtain maximum antioxidant activity in extruded chickpea flour: Extrusion temperature (ET) = 155°C, and screw speed (SS) = 240 rpm. The antioxidant activity (AOA) was evaluated using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Antimutagenic activity (AMA) of ground samples extracts was tested against 1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) with the Kado microsuspension assay using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, AOA, and AMA of raw desi chickpea cultivars ranged from 1.31 to 1.35 mg GAE g -1 sample, dw, from 0.464 to 1.006 mg CAE g -1 sample, dw, from 54.9 to 57.3 μmol TE g -1 sample, dw, and from 57.8-62.3% inhibition, respectively. Brown-ICC3512 showed the highest TFC and AOA, while Red-ICC13124 had the highest AMA. The extrusion cooking process increased the TPC, AOA and AMA of whole desi chickpea grains in 5.3-9.2%, 9.9-12.2%, and 17.5-21.9%, respectively. The optimized extrusion cooking process is a recommended technology for increasing AOA and AMA in desi chickpea grains, which could be used as functional foods.

An optimized gluten-free healthy snack (OGFHS) was developed from a mixture of protein quality maize/tepary bean (70:30), applying extrusion-cooking. The extrusion conditions were obtained from the axial combination of process variables (feed moisture content [FMC = 15%-25%]/extrusion temperature [ET = 120 °C-170 °C]/screw speed [SS = 50 rpm-240 rpm]). The desirability function response surface methodology was applied as an optimization technique in three response variables (expansion index [EI]/apparent density [AD]/hardness [H]) to obtain maximum EI and minimum AD and H. The best combination to produce OGFHS was FMC = 16.4%/ET = 137 °C/VT = 237 rpm. The optimized conditions to obtain OGFHS caused little change in the nutritional and nutraceutical properties of the unprocessed grains mixture. OGFHS (50 g) was compared with two commercial snacks (CheetosMR, TotisMR), showing better protein content, total dietary fiber and AoxA, as well as high acceptability and lower energy content than commercial snacks. Due to its great nutritional properties and AoxA,OGFHS could be used for health promotion and as an alternative to commercial snacks with low nutritional value and high energy content.