Fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is an infrequent but serious complication of valve replacement surgery. To examine its long-term outcome, we retrospectively studied 16 patients with 19 episodes of definite fungal PVE. The mean age was 51 years (range, 27-71 yr). Onset of fungal PVE ranged from 8 days to 3.4 years after valve replacement. Candida albicans was the most common (56%) pathogen isolated. A portal of entry was identified in only 25% of the patients; the presence of intravascular catheters (50%) and prior bacterial endocarditis (38%) were leading predisposing factors. Fever (83%) was the most consistent clinical finding. Potentially serious embolic events, particularly strokes (32%), were common at presentation. Transesophageal echocardiography (sensitivity = 100%) was more useful than transthoracic echocardiography (sensitivity = 60%) in detecting lesions due to fungal PVE. Combined valve replacement surgery and amphotericin B (mean total dose of 1.8 g) in 15 patients resulted in an 87% in-hospital survival and 67% overall survival with a mean follow-up of 4.5 years (range, 5 mo to 16 yr). Two patients had 3 late relapses of fungal PVE up to 9 years after the preceding episode. Each relapse was treated with repeat valve replacement and amphotericin B; in addition, oral azole was utilized for chronic suppression, although the efficacy of this strategy remains unproven. Because of the possibility of relapse, long-term follow-up is essential even after surgical and prolonged antifungal therapy.

This is potentially the largest single-source nosocomial bloodstream infection outbreak ever reported, and the first report of an alcohol skin antiseptic contaminated by tap water as a source for nosocomial bacteremia.

No abstract

The American Association of Blood Banks requires routine culture of hematopoietic progenitor cells prior to bone marrow transplantation. We sought to evaluate the cost of that requirement and the incidence and clinical significance of positive cultures. We performed a retrospective analysis of transplant recipients at our institution. Of the 605 patients for whom 1,934 consecutive cultures of harvests were done between December 1992 and February 1996, 11 had positive cultures. Six patients received a culture-positive harvest with no adverse effects. The total cost of cultures was $35,660 (U.S. $). In North America and worldwide in 1995, routine culture of harvests would have prevented 7.9 and 18.9 cases of bacteremia, respectively, at a cost of $95,000 per bacteremia prevented. We conclude that routine culture of hematopoietic progenitor cells yields low rates of positivity and that infusion of contaminated harvests rarely results in clinically adverse outcomes.