Aim:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX), grape seed extract (GSE), riboflavin/chitosan modification on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of composite resin to dentin after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermocycling.Materials and Methods:Forty extracted human molars were used and a flat surface was then prepared by removing the occlusal one-third. The teeth were randomly assigned into four groups - Group I in which self-etch adhesive (Adper Easy One) was applied and Groups II, III, IV were pretreated with 2% CHX, 6.5% GSE, and 1% riboflavin/chitosan, respectively, before the application of self-etch adhesive. Composite build-ups were constructed, and PCR thermocycling (5000 cycles) was performed. The μTBS was evaluated using the universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test.Results:The mean μTBS values for Group I (control), Group II (CHX), Group III (GSE), and Group IV (riboflavin/chitosan modification) were 30.81, 43.15, 38.79, and 35.07 MPa, respectively.Conclusion:Pretreatment with CHX and GSE leads to a significant increase in μTBS of composite resin to dentin.

The absence of a natural apical constriction in a nonvital young permanent tooth makes endodontic treatment a challenge. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is the material of choice for apical barrier techniques. This paper reports a case of the immature permanent maxillary left central incisor, which presented pulp necrosis secondary to dental trauma and was treated by apexifi cation with white MTA apical plugging followed by conventional root canal therapy. The operative procedures are described, and the technique is discussed. As purulent exudate was observed from the root canal, calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament was placed for a week, followed by MTA apexifi cation at a later date. After 2 days, on clinical examination, hard resistance was not felt and radiographic examination revealed that MTA was missing. The acidic pH and increased protein content of the periapical lesion might have resulted in the acidic dissolution of MTA. So for eff ective management, in the present case report one step apexifi cation using MTA as an apical barrier and autologous platelet rich fi brin as an internal matrix was done which resulted in better healing.

Atypical root canal morphology in multirooted teeth poses a perplexing situation during diagnosis and endodontic treatment. Ample knowledge of the anatomic variations of teeth is essential for successful endodontic treatment. Various studies have reported maxillary first molars with additional roots, canals, fused roots and c shaped canals. Rarest variation is to have a single root with type 1 canal configuration which is 0.02% according to Ingle. The present case report highlights the root canal treatment of a rare case of single rooted maxillary first molar with single canal.