Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the role of molecular DNA, DNA Phenotyping and Polymerase Chain Reaction in samples relevant to genetic investigation. The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a macromolecule which has propelled our capacity of understanding the function of an organism at the cellular level, how organism reproduce and replicate, and pass their subjective genetic information from one generation to the other. DNA is also referred to as the genetic “Blueprint” of an organism and found to possess all information pertaining to the specific being. Nuclear DNA is present within the nucleus and is significant in developing immunity for the cell and depends on the information incorporated within its framework. Mitochondrial DNA exists in varying locations in frequencies of two to ten copies within mitochondria. The most familiar body fluids come across in molecular medicine laboratories is blood, semen and saliva and further more are vaginal fluids, urine and sweat. Bones, teeth, soft tissues etc. are also essential biomarkers for DNA-phenotyping. Methodology: The methods for research for this particular study is to demonstrate a review of relevant literature to examine the molecular genetics and the application of genome and DNA-amplification into molecular medicine investigations. To conduct a literature review a qualitative research design is the most suitable research design. It provides the rationale for assessing the human behaviour and assists to legalize and authenticate the data which is selectively collected from the secondary sources. Results: Every individual’s DNA consists of minor alterations a change in these restriction places would result in different profile of restriction fragments. Genome wide population substructure is large enough to determine ancestry with large number of Autosomal SNPs at the level of continental resolutions. Conclusion: The advances in human genomics and molecular genetics have provided success and advances by determining the cellular origin and estimating the age of sample and disposition time. The Phenotypical characteristics like hair and eye color demonstration in criminal cases has yielded better inferences however, DNA phenotyping illustrates a limited approach wherein incorporated into biological material analysis. The accuracy of DNA technology is incredibly useful for professionals like lawyers, anthropologists, homicide detectives etc. in the field of molecular medicines and is expected to improve in years to come. Key Words; Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) , Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and Short Tardem Repeat (STR)

Infertility is usually well-defined as the inability of a couple to conceive even after one year of unprotected, frequent sexual intercourse [1,2]. At least 180 million people worldwide and about 15% of all couples in the US are affected by it [3,4]. Male infertility is defined as the inability of a male to successfully carry a fertile female to term, also for at least one year of unprotected sexual activity. About 20% of all cases of infertility are solely the male's fault, and another 30% to 40% have the male as a contributing factor [5]. Due to the frequent coexistence of male and female causes of infertility, it is crucial that both partners undergo infertility testing and receive joint management. A total of 50% of all cases of infertility are significantly attributed to the male factor [6-8]. Even though clinical emphasis still dominates research, more studies are now situating infertility within broader social contexts and social scientific frameworks. Methodological issues persist, but there have also been significant advances. In the social scientific study of infertility, we identify two active research traditions. In order to enhance service delivery and determine the need for psychological counseling, one tradition studies clinic patients primarily using quantitative techniques. The other tradition uses primarily qualitative research to capture the experiences of infertile people in a sociocultural context. We conclude that more attention is now being paid to the ways in which the experience of infertility is shaped by social context. We call for continued progress in the development of a distinctly sociological approach to infertility and for the continued integration of the two research traditions identified here.

Placental insufficiency is the failure of the placenta to supply nutrients to the fetus and remove toxic wastes; it is a common cause of intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal distress peri and postnatal mortality. Specifically gestational diabetes and hypertension during pregnancy alters placental architecture which contributes to insufficiency of the placenta. Placenta is the most accurate record of infant’s prenatal experiences. Clinical condition such as hypertension and diabetes that complicate pregnancy leads to significant structural changes in placenta, these histological changes and  morphological alterations in placenta lead to insufficiency, resulting in IUGR and fetal distress. In the present study morphology of placentas collected from diabetic and hypertensive pregnancy will be observed, the histo-pathological findings will be recorded and correlated to birth weight, APGAR scores and congenital anomalies of babies and will be compared to the findings in normal placentas also. This study will be beneficial for obstetrician and pediatrician in gathering knowledge about patho genesis of placental insufficiency; it will add to the knowledge on placental morphology and will high light the abnormalities in placental  anatomy.