Background In contrast with the preceding stages of the germ cells, spermatozoa are unusually rich in small non-coding RNAs in comparison to the coding RNAs. These small RNAs may have had an essential role in the process of spermatogenesis or may have critical roles in the post-fertilization development. Sporadic efforts have identified a few differentially expressed miRNAs in infertile individuals, which do not replicate in other studies. Methods In order to identify miRNAs signatures of infertility or poor sperm quality, we compared miRNA differential expression data across nine datasets, followed by their analysis by real-time PCR in a case–control study. This was followed by the validation of potential biomarkers in yet another set of cases and controls. For this, total RNA was isolated from 161 sperm samples. miRNA expression levels in infertile cases and fertile controls were measured using TaqMan real-time PCR. Meta-analyses of two miRNAs (hsa-miR-9-3p and hsa-miR-122-5p) were performed using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis Software (version 2). All statistical analyses were performed with the help of GraphPad Prism Software (version 8). Results Literature search identified seven miRNAs (hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-9-3p, hsa-miR-22-5p, has-miR-30b-5p, hsa-miR-103-3p, hsa-miR-122-5p and hsa-miR-335-5p) showing consistent dysregulation in infertility across a minimum of four studies. In the discovery phase, six miRNAs showed strong association with infertility with four (hsa-miR-9-3p, hsa-miR-30b-5p, hsa-miR-103-3p and hsa-miR-122-5p) showing consistent differential regulation across all sub-groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the area under curve of > 0.75 was achieved by three (hsa-mir-9-3p, hsa-miR-30b-5p and hsa-miR-122-5p) miRNAs. In the validation phase, these three miRNAs showed consistent association with infertility (hsa-mir-9-3p, hsa-miR-30b-5p, and hsa-miR-122-5p). Meta-analysis on hsa-miR-122-5p showed its significant quantitative association with infertility [Hedge’s g = -2.428, p = 0.001 (Random effects)]. Conclusions Three miRNAs (hsa-miR-9-3p, hsa-miR-30b-5p and hsa-miR-122-5p) have strong linkage with infertility and a high potential as sperm quality biomarkers.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder in human and responsible for different complications and also causes mortality and morbidity. A wide number of herbal products are employed in the treatment of diabetes for their better efficacy and safety compared to synthetic medicine. The present studies have established the antidiabetic potential and rejuvenating capacity of kidney tissues under the effect of extract. Diabetes was induced in the Swiss albino mice by injecting alloxan at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight and aqueous extract ofMomordica charantiafruits at doses of 100 mg/kg body weight and 250 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for three weeks. After 21 days of treatment of the aqueous extracts ofMomordica charantiasignificantly reduces serum glucose level, kidney function tests, lipid peroxidation as well as histopathological study also did show adverse alternation in the morphological architecture of the kidney tissue. Thus, from this study we concluded thatMomordica charantiaexhibited significant antihyperglycemic and rejuvenating capacity of kidney tissues activities in alloxan induced diabetic mice.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the enzymatic antioxidant activity and antihyperglycaemic activity of hydroalcoholic (25:75) extract of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. fruits. Acute oral toxicity study was carried out in healthy male Wister rats (150-200 g). The dose was finally made to 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w. for oral administration after the LD50 estimation. The results showed that the enzymatic antioxidant of D. pentagyna were in fresh fruit extract as determined by the SOD, APX, POD, and GR assays. Oral administration of D. pentagyna extract in rat showed significant restoration of blood glucose to normal level. After 21 st day of treatment, level of blood glucose, hepatic and renal markers (ALP, SGOT, SGPT and BILIRUBIN) were significantly decreased when compared with the diabetic control. Lowering of blood glucose and other associated markers suggest that D. pentagyna extract possess potent antidiabetic activity which can be attributed to antioxidative properties in fruit extract. The findings in this study confirm the antidiabetic properties of D. pentagyna fruits which justify its traditional usage in the management of diabetes.

Cancer is a type of human cell degenerative disease that has afflicted a large number of people for years. Cancer is caused due to the abnormal proliferation of cells in any part of the body. Most of the prescribed anticancer drugs are synthetic in nature and have been reported with enormous adverse effects. The researchers are very much enthusiastic about the use of natural compounds and their derivatives, which have been reported with less toxicity. Natural compounds have emerged as promising synergistic compounds with potential anticancer effects. In vitro anticancer activity of natural compounds with special reference to camphor and menthol has been investigated against different cancer cell lines. It has been found that camphor and menthol derivatives have potential cytotoxic activity. The present literature review outlines the various methods for the synthesis of camphor and menthol derivatives, which have potential cytotoxic activity. It highlights various cancer cell lines, which are the target of these camphor and menthol derivatives as ligands, along with structure-activity studies.