The establishment of agricultural economies based upon domestic animals began independently in many parts of the world and led to both increases in human population size and the migration of people carrying domestic plants and animals. The precise circumstances of the earliest phases of these events remain mysterious given their antiquity and the fact that subsequent waves of migrants have often replaced the first. Through the use of more than 1,500 modern (including 151 previously uncharacterized specimens) and 18 ancient (representing six East Asian archeological sites) pig (Sus scrofa) DNA sequences sampled across East Asia, we provide evidence for the long-term genetic continuity between modern and ancient Chinese domestic pigs. Although the Chinese case for independent pig domestication is supported by both genetic and archaeological evidence, we discuss five additional (and possibly) independent domestications of indigenous wild boar populations: one in India, three in peninsular Southeast Asia, and one off the coast of Taiwan. Collectively, we refer to these instances as "cryptic domestication," given the current lack of corroborating archaeological evidence. In addition, we demonstrate the existence of numerous populations of genetically distinct and widespread wild boar populations that have not contributed maternal genetic material to modern domestic stocks. The overall findings provide the most complete picture yet of pig evolution and domestication in East Asia, and generate testable hypotheses regarding the development and spread of early farmers in the Far East.Asian colonization | mtDNA | phylogeography

Conventional wisdom is that the MAI and FAI are stable in the solution, but actually they are not. We demonstrated that the MAI first deprotonated to form methylamine (MA), and then MA reacted with FAI to form two condensation products N-methyl FAI and N, N 0 -dimethyl FAI. Moreover, triethyl borate was introduced to stabilize the perovskite precursor solution, which significantly reduced the impure phase in the perovskite film and enhanced the device performance and reproducibility.

Inorganic CsPbI 3 is promising to enhance the thermal stability of perovskite solar cells. The dimethylamine iodide (DMAI) derived method is currently the most efficient way to achieve high efficiency, but the effect of DMAI has not been fully explained. Herein, the chemical composition and phase evolution of the mixed DMAI/CsPbI 3 layer during thermal treatment has been studied. The results demonstrate that, with the common DMAI/CsI/PbI 2 recipe in DMSO solvent, a mixed perovskite DMA 0.15 Cs 0.85 PbI 3 is first formed through a solid reaction between DMAPbI 3 and Cs 4 PbI 6 . Further thermal treatment will transform the mixed perovskite phase directly to γ-CsPbI 3 and then spontaneously convert to δ-CsPbI 3 . It has been also demonstrated that the DMA 0.15 Cs 0.85 PbI 3 phase is thermodynamically stable and shows a bandgap of 1.67 eV, which is narrower than 1.73 eV of γ-CsPbI 3 . The device efficiency of the mixed DMA 0.15 Cs 0.85 PbI 3 perovskite is therefore highly improved in comparison with the pure inorganic γ-CsPbI 3 perovskite.