The benefits of strength training programs with isotonic free weights or machines have been well-documented in all age groups. However, exercise and healthcare professionals sometime question whether it is possible to obtain the same results with devices of variable resistance, such as elastic bands. To answer this question, the purpose of this systematic review was to identify and summarize the positive effects of elastic resistance exercises used across the lifespan on health outcomes including body composition, functional and performance capacity, and biochemical variables. A secondary aim was to identify common dosage parameters of strength training programs using elastic resistance.