After introducing the idea of using concentrations equal to or less than the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of some active chemical compounds for evacuating microbial cells, different types of microbes were evacuated. The original protocol was given the name sponge-like protocol and then was reduced and modified from a microorganism to another to prepare microbial ghosts for various applications such as immunological applications, drug delivery, and isolation of DNA and protein. Fungal pathogens that infect plants critically affect cost effectiveness, quality, and quantity of their production. They kill plant cells and/or cause plant stress. Plant fungal infections can originate from many sources such as infected soil, seeds, or crop debris causing diseases and quality losses around the world with billions of US dollars annually as costs of the associated productivity loss. This study focused on the application of the sponge-like protocol in protecting in vitro tissue cultures of plants against fungal pathogens. This can be useful for research purposes or may be developed to be introduced in field applications. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger infection in tissue culture of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schn.) was used as a model to establish the employment of this protocol to control plant fungal diseases. The best conditions for A. flavus and A. niger ghosts production previously mapped by randomization experimental design (reduced Plackett–Burman experimental design) were used to prepare fungal ghosts. SDS, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2O2 were used in their MIC (+1 level) or minimum growth concentration (MGC, −1 level) according to the determined optimal experimental design. The release of both of DNA and protein from the fungal cells was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 260nm and 280nm, respectively, as an indicator for cell loss of their cytoplasm. Fungal ghost cells were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. After confirming the preparation of high-quality fungal ghost cells, the same conditions were mimicked to control plant fungal infection. Jojoba grown in tissue culture was sprayed with fungal cells (about 103 CFU) as a control experiment or fungal cells followed by treatment with solution (a) represents the fungal ghost cells formation calculated critical concentration (FGCCC) of SDS, NaOH, and NaHCO3 and then treatment with solution (b) represents H2O2 FGCCC. The plant was examined on day 0 (plant grown before any infection or infection followed by treatment), day 5 (plant at day 5 after infection or infection followed by treatment), and day 10 (plant at day 10 after infection or infection followed by treatment). We observed fungal growth in case of control experiments at days 5 and 10 on the tissue culture medium, as well as plant, and the absence of any fungal growth in case of plant treated with FGCCC even after day 10. We recommend using this FGCCC in the form of chemical spraying formulation to treat the plants aiming to control different plant fungal infections in in vitro tissue culture systems or applied in field.

There is an increasing interest toward the understanding of the important fungus, Aspergillus flavus, which has a high impact on our health and economy. Controlling such microbe could be achieved by evacuating its cells using simple tool. Recently, the Sponge-Like protocol for bacterial ghosts' preparation was introduced. Then, this protocol concept was extended to include not only bacterial cells but also yeast cells as well as viruses. In this study, for the first time we applied this protocol to pathogenic fungi as Aspergillus flavus turning it to unviable, dead and evacuated ghost cells. We introduce the idea of using the minimum growth concentration (MGC) and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for controlling Aspergillus flavus and other type of fungi either in our food or those infecting us. Using mixture of compounds proves to have effect on certain microbes upon the use of their minimum effect, which could be a solution for treating many diseases without damaging the cells and tissues as well as our organs. A. flavus which is responsible for causing different superficial infections besides its ability to produce hazardous aflatoxins was used as a model in this study. The future will show an increasing interest in this protocol either for ghost cells preparation or controlling pathogens with minimum side effects of the used destabilizing and killing compounds or drugs. Any chemical compound that could achieve the same goal is invited. We strongly recommend and encourage conducting research in this field using the same or similar tactics and idea.

A massive number of Literature is accessible focusing only on the general concern of climate change ignoring the cost valuation of the association between environmental change and human health. Establishment of environment-disease relationship leading to economic consequences is found timely and apposite research at this moment. Therefore, this paper aims to establish environmental-health relationship and its impact on household economy through cost of illness in western part of Nepal. Time series analytical economic evaluation design is employed using secondary data to establish environment-disease relationship with the help of ordinary least square, being based on the econometric theory. The results divulge that environmental variables such as extreme summer temperature warm winter temperature and population density are in favor to increase the disease prevalence, whereas, increasing winter rainfall, immunization coverage and vitamin A coverage among children seemed to reduce the disease prevalence in western Nepal. Similarly, disease-environment relationship showed that 1 0 C increase in temperature increases the disease prevalence at least by 5% in the existing rate of prevalence in western Nepal, controlling other variables.Above relation in sensitivity analysis assuming linear relationship showed that every 0.5 0 C increase in temperature leads to increase in cost of illness at household level at least by NPR 77.7 million in western Nepal. Establishment of environment-disease relationship concludes that adaptation measures for protecting from summer extreme temperature is an urgent action needed for disease reduction in western Nepal. Besides, controlling population, extension of immunization and vitamin A programs to the children are also seemed to reduce illness in western Nepal. Therefore, recommendations are made accordingly.

It is a crescent shaped defect of the atrial septum and is also named as an ostium primum atrial septal defect (ASD). Anatomically, bridging leaflets attach to the ventricular septum with leaving only an interatrial connection. Despite the presence of a single valve annulus, there are two valvular orifices. In partial AV

The production of nickel in Cuba is one of the main export items in our economy. In recent years, its production costs have risen significantly, with a high incidence of electricity costs, which is why it is necessary to take energy shock measures to reverse this situation. Currently there are deficiencies in the Reduction Furnace plant related to the control of the air supply and the electric power used by the asynchronous motors that drive the centrifugal fans, reducing the efficiency levels of the production process and the plant in general. In order to increase the energy efficiency of the combustion process supply system and reach an optimum control model of the airflow of this plant, variants are designed and simulated based on artificial neural networks that allow to establish the air demand from the drive of the fans by means of variable speed drives.