The production of methyl esters (biodiesel) by the transesterification of Podocarpus falcatus oil (PFO) with methanol was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken design. The effects of parameters such as temperature, reaction time, and alcohol/oil molar ratio using yield and viscosity as responses were investigated. The optimum conditions for the production of biodiesel were as follows: temperature at 65°C, reaction time of 180 min, and molar ratio of 10 : 1, while the minimum viscosity was obtained for a temperature of 50°C, a reaction time of 120 min, and a molar ratio of 10 : 1. Physicochemical characterization by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV visible spectroscopy showed that the free fatty acid (FFA) content of Podocarpus oil was 1.9%, which is less than the maximum of 2% recommended for the application of the one-step alkaline transesterification process. Also, the biodiesel obtained from the oil was seen to consist mainly of methyl esters, and that its physicochemical characteristics are within the standard set by the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

In the quest for a sustainable environment and clean water resources, the efficacy of activated carbons synthesized from Garcinia cola nut shells impregnated with KOH (CBK1/1) and ZnCl2 (CBZ1/1) for the adsorption of indigo carmine (IC) dye was studied using the batch technique. The prepared activated carbons were characterized using iodine number, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), TGA/DTA, Boehm titration, and pH at point of zero charge. The elemental analysis showed a high percentage of carbon in both activated carbons (ACs). FTIR and Boehm titration analysis indicated the presence of several functional groups on the surfaces of both ACs which could influence the adsorption of IC. The primary adsorption mechanisms involved electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonds formation, and π−π interactions. Maximum adsorption capacity values obtained using the Fritz–Schlunder III three-parameter model were 19.019 mg·g−1 and 18.299 mg·g−1 for CBK1/1 and CBZ1/1, respectively. The Fritz–Schlunder model exponent mFS of value less than 1 showed that the adsorption of IC by the ACs occurred on heterogeneous surfaces. Positive values of ∆Q obtained by the linear and nonlinear forms of the Temkin model indicate the exothermic character of the adsorption process.