publicado na web em 11/07/2017 EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN AQUATIC MATRICES FROM BRAZIL: CURRENT SCENARIO AND ANALYTICAL, ECOTOXICOLOGICAL AND LEGISLATIONAL ASPECTS. Emerging contaminants occur in parts per trillion or less in aquatic matrices. The effects related to the exposure of aquatic biota and human to them have been identified for different compounds. The knowledge about the concentrations of the exposure is the first step to perform risk assessments. The present work describes a literature review about occurrence in Brazilian aquatic matrices, and a discussion about biological effects, legislation and analytical aspects involving the presence of emerging compounds. The review includes 58 papers published between 1997 and 2016, considering the occurrence of personal care and pharmaceutical compounds, illicit drugs, hormones, pesticides and some other endocrine disruptors compounds in the matrices sewage, surface, ground and drinking waters. The concentrations varied from ng L -1 to μg L -1 , depending on the region and the compound. However, the contamination scenario was aggravated by the combination of poor sanitation status -such as low investment in sewage treatment plants, which led to an expressive contamination of the receiving waters with sewage -and the current goods consumption level, which is similar to that of developed countries. These data provide a good insight into the particular levels of contamination and can be used both for further researches and decision making in the regulation area of public policy.Keywords: emerging contaminants; endocrine disruptors compounds; drinking water; surface water; wastewater. CONTAMINANTES EMERGENTESA temática dos contaminantes emergentes ganhou destaque na década passada e vem sendo abordada em diferentes aspectos por pesquisadores do mundo todo. Tratam-se de centenas de compostos que têm sido detectados nos diferentes compartimentos ambientais (solo, água e ar), sendo eles tanto de origem antrópica (presentes em efluentes domésticos, industriais, hospitalares e aqueles provenientes das atividades agrícola e pecuária), quanto de ocorrência natural (presentes em diferentes espécies de plantas, por exemplo). Estes compostos podem apresentar algum risco ao ecossistema e eles não estão incluídos nos programas de monitoramento de rotina, ou seja, não são legislados. Assim, serão candidatos a uma futura regulamentação dependendo dos resultados obtidos em estudos de ecotoxicidade, efeitos à saúde humana, potencial de bioacumulação, transporte e destino nos diferentes compartimentos ambientais, além da quantidade em que são lançados e, portanto, da concentração no ambiente. Tratam-se de estudos que envolvem diferentes áreas da ciência e que têm sido considerados fundamentais para o esclarecimento dos novos paradigmas relacionados ao estilo de vida moderno. Conhecer os riscos associados à exposição por centenas de novos compostos que ainda não estão contemplados nas legislações vigentes permite antecipar e mitigar sérios danos para as gerações futuras.Muitos dos e...

No abstract

Emerging contaminants have been considered one of the main concerns for ensuring the quality of water around the world. This work presents the results of 10 years of analyses carried out in the state of São Paulo (Brazil) that has the high population density and intense agricultural and industrial activities. In this work 58 compounds (9 hormones, 14 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, 8 industrial compounds, 17 pesticides and 10 illicit drugs) were determined from 2006 to 2015 in 708 samples including raw and treated sewage, surface and ground and drinking waters. A preliminary risk assessment for aquatic life protection identified potential risks for caffeine, paracetamol, diclofenac, 17α-ethynylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, testosterone, triclosan, 4-n-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, atrazine, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, fipronil, imidacloprid, malathion and tebuconazole. Drinking water criteria were available only for 22 compounds and for them no adverse effects were expected at the concentrations found, except for 17β-estradiol.

Development of a method based on SPE and LC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of trace levels of pesticides in surface and drinking waters from São Paulo (Brazil), a state with high agricultural activity.

Information on how atrazine can affect the spatial distribution of organisms is non-existent. As this effect has been observed for some other contaminants, we hypothesized that atrazine-containing leachates/discharges could trigger spatial avoidance by the fish Poecilia reticulata and form a chemical barrier isolating upstream and downstream populations. Firstly, guppies were exposed to an atrazine gradient in a non-forced exposure system, in which organisms moved freely among the concentrations, to assess their ability to avoid atrazine. Secondly, a chemical barrier formed by atrazine, separating two clean habitats (extremities of the non-forced system), was simulated to assess whether the presence of the contaminant could prevent guppies from migrating to the other side of the system. Fish were able to avoid atrazine contamination at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.02 μg L), below those described to cause sub-lethal effects. The AC (atrazine concentration causing avoidance to 50% of the population) was 0.065 μg L. The chemical barrier formed by atrazine at 150 μg L (concentration that should produce an avoidance around 82%) caused a reduction in the migratory potential of the fish by 47%; while the chemical barrier at 1058 μg L (concentration that produces torpidity) caused a reduction in the migratory potential of the fish by 91%. Contamination by atrazine, besides driving the spatial distribution of fish populations, has potential to act as a chemical barrier by isolating fish populations. This study includes a novel approach to be integrated in environmental risk assessment schemes to assess high-tier contamination effects such as habitat fragmentation and population displacement and isolation.