Vascularization plays a crucial role in bone formation and regeneration process. Development of a functional vasculature to improve survival and integration of tissue-engineered bone substitutes remains a major challenge. Biofabrication technologies, such as bioprinting, have been introduced as promising alternatives to overcome issues related to lack of prevascularization and poor organization of vascular networks within the bone substitutes. In this context, this study aimed at organizing endothelial cells in situ, in a mouse calvaria bone defect, to generate a prevascularization with a defined architecture, and promote in vivo bone regeneration. Laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB) was used to pattern Red Fluorescent Protein-labeled endothelial cells into a mouse calvaria bone defect of critical size, filled with collagen containing mesenchymal stem cells and vascular endothelial growth factor. LAB technology allowed safe and controlled in vivo printing of different cell patterns. In situ printing of endothelial cells gave rise to organized microvascular networks into bone defects. At two months, vascularization rate (vr) and bone regeneration rate (br) showed statistically significant differences between the ‘random seeding’ condition and both ‘disc’ pattern (vr = +203.6%; br = +294.1%) and ‘crossed circle’ pattern (vr = +355%; br = +602.1%). These results indicate that in vivo LAB is a valuable tool to introduce in situ prevascularization with a defined configuration and promote bone regeneration.

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These data indicate that the mTOR pathway is activated by oxLDL via PI3K/PDK1/Akt, and is required for SMC proliferation. Resveratrol blocks specifically this pathway, thereby inhibiting oxLDL-induced SMC proliferation. These data highlight a new property for resveratrol that could contribute to the general anti-atherogenic properties of this polyphenol.