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We show that the equivalence of deterministic linear top-down treeto-word transducers is decidable in polynomial time. Linear tree-to-word transducers are non-copying but not necessarily order-preserving and can be used to express XML and other document transformations. The result is based on a partial normal form that provides a basic characterization of the languages produced by linear tree-to-word transducers.

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We present two structural results concerning the longest common prefixes of non-empty languages. First, we show that the longest common prefix of the language generated by a context-free grammar of size N equals the longest common prefix of the same grammar where the heights of the derivation trees are bounded by 4N . Second, we show that each non-empty language L has a representative subset of at most three elements which behaves like L w.r.t. the longest common prefix as well as w.r.t. longest common prefixes of L after unions or concatenations with arbitrary other languages. From that, we conclude that the longest common prefix, and thus the longest common suffix, of a context-free language can be computed in polynomial time.