Objective. The study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of Ferula asafoetida oleo gum resins. Materials and Methods. Five groups of rats (180-200g) and mice (20-30g) of both genders, each group comprising six animals, were used (i.e., normal, positive control, standard, FAEE 200mg/kg, and FAEE 400mg/kg treated groups). Forced swimming test (FST), Tail suspension test (TST), Potentiation of Norepinephrine-Induced Toxicity (PNEIT), Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy (HIC), and Reserpine-Induced Hypothermia (RIH), were used as the validate models of depression in rodents. The study was confirmed by brain monoamines estimation (i.e. Dopamine, Norepinephrine and 5-HT), MAO levels and invivo antioxidant studies (CAT and SOD). Results. FAEE treated animals showed a significant and dose dependent effect on a decrease in immobility time in FST, TST, and decrease in catalepsy time in HIC. FAEE and imipramine (15mg/kg) showed a significant increase in body temperature in RIH, and also showed a potent lethality in PNEIT. FAEE treated animals showed a significant increase in the levels of brain monoamines, in vivo antioxidants, and a significant decrease in MAO levels. Conclusion. Results of present study indicate that FAEE has potent antidepressant-like activity, and this effect may be due to the anti-oxidant property of Ferulic acid and umbelliferone, or may be due to neuroprotective activity of other major phytoconstituents, e.g. flavonoids, phenolic acids and polysulfide compounds. To identify the particular compound responsible for the antidepressant-like activity required further molecular level studies.

Objective. The study were undertaken to evaluate anti-fibrotic activity of ethanolic extract of Nelumbo nucifera seed (NNSEE) against doxorubicin and Unilateral Ureter Obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Materials and method. Animals were divided into five groups with six animals in each group, i.e. Normal, Positive control, Standard (Pirfenidone 200mg/kg), Test-I (NNSEE 200mg/kg), and Test-II (NNSEE 400mg/kg). Renal fibrosis was developed by doxorubicin and UUO-induced methods. After induction of renal fibrosis, profibrotic responses in biochemical parameters were observed, e.g. BUN, serum creatinine levels were elevated, while total protein and GFR levels decreased. Antioxidant (SOD and CAT) levels are also attenuates and hyalinized glomeruli cells, damage to tubular cells were noted in histopathology, which are all responsible for the development of renal fibrosis. Results. The result showed that the anti-fibrotic activity of NNSEE at a dose of 200 and 400mg/kg b.wt was comparable with the standard treatment 200mg/kg b.wt of pirfenidone (anti-fibrotic drug). These data supplemented with histopathological studies of rat kidney sections. NNSEE had reversed all the manifestation of renal fibrosis. Conclusion. Results of the study indicate that the NNSEE has potent anti-fibrotic activity, as well as antioxidant property, in dose dependent manner that may be due to the presence of major phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, polyphenols.

Objective Chronic migraine (CM) is characterised by unilateral/bilateral pulsatile headaches at least 15 days per month. Central sensitization can be demonstrated by a prolonged increase in trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) neuron activity in response to painful stimuli. Scientists are continually researching migraine treatments, hoping herbal remedies may work better. Network pharmacological approach was used to assess Chrysanthemum indicum (CIHE) leaf hydroalcoholic extract to evaluate antimigraine activity. Methods We investigated specific genes involved in the migraine, extracted gene ontology, biological pathways, and protein-protein interaction analysis were determined with the screened 61 common genes by network pharmacological approach added with docking analysis. In vivo studies have been carried out with CD1 Mice (25-30g) randomly made into five groups. CIHE is prepared to evaluate antimigraine activity. MMP9, TNF-α, NFkB, IL-1β, CGRP, and iNOS were evaluated after administration of Nitroglycerine (10mg/kg; i.p). Results The elevated protein levels were significantly reduced with the treatment of CIHE (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg; p.o). Additionally histological and western blot analysis confirmed the reduction of specified proteins in the brain as well as blood. Docking analysis revealed that 1,5-Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one (-10.3 KJ/mol), Naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid 4-formyl-phenyl ester (-9.7KJ/mol), and 3-(3-Nitrophenyl)-2'-acrylonaphthone (-9.7KJ/mol) are shown highest binding affinity. Interpretation: CIHE may attain antimigraine activity through suppression of neuroinflammatory cytokines by the natural extract of Chrysanthemum indicum in a dose dependent manner and isolation of hit molecules from the CIHE is required for further investigation.