In recent years concern about the chemical composition of wastewater generated by the oil refining industry has increased, even after its treatment. These wastewaters contain substances that can harm both the entire aquatic ecosystem and the health of any exposed organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic potentials of the effluent generated by the largest Brazilian petroleum refinery, the effectiveness of the treatments used by the refinery, and whether its effluent can compromise the water quality of the river where it is discarded. Chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays were performed in Allium cepa and micronucleus test in mammalian cell culture (CHO-K1). The samples were collected in three sites at the refinery: one site on the Jaguari River and two sites on the Atibaia Rivers (upstream and downstream of the discharged effluent), under three different climatic conditions. Tests with A. cepa showed increased frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in meristematic cells for the effluent after physico-chemical treatment, but the samples after treatment biological and stabilization pond presented none of these abnormalities. It was observed that the induced damage in the meristematic cells was not observed in the F cells of A. cepa roots. The micronucleus test performed with mammalian cell culture also indicated that the effluent, after physico-chemical treatment, induced a significant increase in micronucleus frequencies. Plant and hamster cells exposed to the other samples collected inside the refinery and in the Jaguari and Atibaia Rivers did not present evidence of genotoxicity and mutagenicity in the tests performed. This study showed that the effluent treated carried out by the refinery (biological treatment followed by a stabilization pond) proved to be efficient for the removal of the toxic load still present after the physico-chemical treatment, since no change in the quality of the Atibaia River was observed. However, because this is an industry with a high production of effluent with toxic potential, its effluents must be constantly monitored, so that there is no compromise of the water quality of the receiving river.
Filter paper and stickers containing allyl isothiocyanate (AIT), as well as pouches containing mustard meal and water for intrinsic production of AIT, were tested against aflatoxigenic strains of Penicillium digitatum CECT 2954 and Aspergillus parasiticus CECT 2681 in sliced mozzarella. Slices were inoculated with either fungus, packaged in plastic bags or plastic trays with one antimicrobial device (2–16 µL/L of AIT). Control groups presented visual growth of P. digitatum after 19.0 ± 1.5 d in bags and 26.1 ± 2.1 d in trays. A. parasiticus was visually detectable after 41.4 ± 1.7 d and 28.4 ± 1.5 d in trays and bags, respectively. AIT‐treated samples did not present visual fungal growth for 60 d. In trays, aflatoxin B1 was present only in the control; and in plastic bags it was found in the control (6.03 ± 1.23 mg/kg) and in groups treated with 2‐µL/L AIT: filter 0.03 ± 0.05, sticker 0.56 ± 0.13 and pouches 2.02 ± 0.05 mg/kg. Results show that all devices could increase the shelf life and safety of mozzarella. Practical applications AIT is a component of brown/black mustard essential oil with antimicrobial activity. This natural substance was used in a newly designed bioactive packaging system to inhibit fungal growth. The device was an effective alternative to inhibit the growth of P. digitatum and A. parasiticus in sliced mozzarella cheese packaged in plastic bags or plastic trays. The antimicrobial sticker could be easily applied in products that are sliced in supermarkets and specialized shops, as well as in the industry avoiding the use of synthetic preservatives, such as sorbates and propionates.
Introduction:Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoid malignancy with a worldwide incidence is 2-4/100,000 individuals/year. HL represents 5% of all childhood cancers and is 30-40% of all malignant lymphomas. Treatment for HL involves a combination of radiation and chemotherapy. One of the most common treatment schemes uses ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine), a cocktail of genotoxic agents. Although survival rate for HL is up to 95%, cancer therapy could produce persistent genetic damage in the survivors.Objective: The goal of this study is to determine the time course of chromosomal damage in lymphocytes of patients with HL before, during and after ABVD/radiotherapy. Material and methods: Five patients diagnosed with HL provided peripheral blood samples before, during and one year after ABVD chemotherapy. In addition, 5 healthy individuals provided a single blood sample. All participants in the study signed informed consent. Chromosomal aberrations were evaluated by M-FISH (SpectraVysion) in 50-100 karyotypes per sample. Spectral karyotyping for each cell was analysed with Isis software. Statistical comparisons were done with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and a p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Average frequencies of structural chromosomal aberrations (CA) in samples from patients with HL were 6.3, 7.1 and 23.0% before treatment, during, and one year after treatment, respectively. CA frequency in healthy individuals was 2.4%. A significant difference (p < 0.002) was observed when comparing groups. Chromosomal damage was observed in all samples, and rejoined structural chromosomal aberrations (RCA), such as translocations and dicentrics, were the most common type. No clonal aberrations were observed.Conclusions: Our study showed that ABVD cause genotoxic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of HL patients. Interestingly, the highest frequency of RCA/cell was observed in samples analyzed one year after treatment and this was significantly different from what was found before treatment (23% vs 6%). Both rejoined and non-rejoined aberrations are observed one year after treatment indicating that new aberrations are continuously produced and that there may be alterations affecting genes involved in DNA repair. These results suggest that ABVD/radiotherapy causes sublethal damage in hematopoietic stem cells and can lead to persistent genomic instability.Financial support: 099-CONACYT-Salud.http://dx.
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