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BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma ranks the first among malignant tumours in females and is the chief cause of cancer-related mortality. Androgen in implicated in the induction of proliferation and growth of mammary cells through binding to their corresponding receptors. Androgens influence the risk of acquiring breast cancer through either direct binding to androgen receptors (AR) or indirectly through their transformation to estradiol or competing for steroid binding proteins. AIM: To study the expression of AR in various breast cancer subtypes and to elucidate its clinical significance by correlating it with clinicopathological parameters. METHODS: One hundred and fifty breast cancer cases were studied using AR immunohistochemistry, and its expression was correlated with different clinicopathologic parameters and with ER, PR, Her-2/neu and Ki 67 expression. RESULTS: AR was expressed in 91 breast carcinoma cases out of 150 examined. There was a statistically significant correlation between AR expression and tumour size, mitotic count, tumour necrosis, infiltrative borders, the hormonal status of the tumour and subsequently luminal subtypes (p < 0.05). A subset of studied TNBC (34.6%) also expressed AR. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between AR expression and other clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSION: Positive AR immunostaining was associated with favourable prognostic factors and luminal subtypes (A&B). Also, a subset of TNBC cases showed positive AR expression. These results introduce the current potent, next-generation AR- antagonist as possible target therapy in breast cancer. Further researches on AR expression in breast cancer are recommended on a larger scale with follow up and survival to validate the current results.

The present work aims to investigate the antiparasitic and the immunomodulating effects of nitazoxanide (NTZ) and ivermectin (IVC) alone or combined together or combined with selenium (Se), on Cryptosporidium infection in diabetic mice. The results revealed that the combined NTZ and IVC therapy achieved the highest reduction of fecal oocysts (92%), whereas single NTZ showed the lowest reduction (63%). Also, adding Se to either NTZ or IVC resulted in elevation of oocyst reduction from 63% to 71% and from 82% to 84% respectively. All treatment regimens, with the exception of NTZ monotherapy, showed a significant improvement in the intestinal histopathology, the highest score was in combined NTZ and IVC therapy. The unique results of immunohistochemistry in this study showed reversal of the normal CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in the infected untreated mice, however, following therapy it reverts back to a normal balanced ratio. The combined (NTZ+ IVC) treatment demonstrated the highest level of CD4 T cell expression. Taken together, NTZ and IVC combined therapy showed remarkable anti-parasitic and immunostimulatory effects, specifically towards the CD4 population that seem to be promising in controlling cryptosporidiosis in diabetic individuals. Further research is required to explore other effective treatment strategies for those comorbid patients.

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Identification by cDNA microarray of genes involved in ovarian carcinogenesis [4] Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase cancer stem cells in ovarian cancer [5] Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is amarker for normal and malignant human colonic Stem Cells (SC) and tracks SC overpopulation during colon tumorigenesis [6] ALDH1 expression correlates with favorable prognosis in ovarian cancers [7] ALDH1A1 expression correlates with clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis of breast cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis [8] Distinct expression levels and patterns of stem cell marker, aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 (ALDH1), in human epithelial cancers [9] ALDH1-bright epithelial ovarian cancer cells are associated with CD44 expression, drug resistance, and poor clinical outcome [10] Pathology and genetics of tumours of the breast and female genital organs [11] Cancer stem cells-perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR workshop on cancer stem cells [12] Ovarian cancer: A clinical challenge that needs some basic answers [13] Biosensors for cancer markers diagnosis [14] Aldehyde dehydrogenase in combination with CD133 define angiogenic ovarian cancer stem cells that portend poor patient survival [15] Expression of stem cell markers in preinvasive tubal lesions of ovarian carcinoma [16] Differential expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (ALDH1) in normal ovary and serous ovarian tumors [17] Loss of ALDH1A1 expression is an early event in the pathogenesis of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma [18] Cytotoxic effect of disulfiram/ copper on human glioblastoma cell lines and ALDH-positive cancer-stem-like cells [19] Characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in ovarian cancer tissues and sphere cultures