Non-conventional extraction of bioactive metabolites could provide sustainable alternative techniques to preserve the potency of antioxidants and antiviral compounds extracted from macro-algae. In this paper, we first reviewed the antioxidant and antiviral potential of the active metabolites that exist in the three known macro-algae classes; Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Chlorophyceae, and a comparison between their activities is discussed. Secondly, a review of conventional and non-conventional extraction methods is undertaken. The review then focused on identifying the optimal extraction method of sulphated polysaccharide from macro-algae that exhibits both antiviral and antioxidant activity. The review finds that species belonging to the Phaeophyceae and Rhodophceae classes are primarily potent against herpes simplex virus, followed by human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus. At the same time, species belonging to Chlorophyceae class are recorded by most of the scholars to have antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1. Additionally, all three macro-algae classes exhibit antioxidant activity, the potency of which is a factor of the molecular structure of the bioactive metabolite as well as the extraction method applied.

PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between managers' risk perception and the adoption of sustainable water consumption strategies and analyzes the moderating effect of stakeholders' salience attributes on this relationship.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework that builds on the stakeholder theory was developed to illustrate the direct and moderating role of the study variables. The derived hypotheses were tested quantitatively using multiple regression analysis.FindingsResults indicate that managers' risk perception and the three stakeholder salience attributes were significantly associated with sustainable water consumption strategies, and that the legitimacy attribute was a successful moderator between the study variables.Research limitations/implicationsThe limited ability to generalize results as the study is centered on the hospitality sector. Although the results were comparable to other studies, it is not possible to claim that the findings represent the views of the majority of managers in different industry sectors.Practical implicationsThe research highlights to managers in the hospitality sector, the significant influence of risk perception and stakeholder salience attributes on the adoption of sustainable water consumption strategies.Social implicationsThe research revealed that media, consumers and competitors are powerful, legitimate and urgent stakeholders, respectively. Therefore, the research findings will guide policymakers and nonprofit organizations to support those stakeholders in order to strengthen their power, legitimacy and urgency attributes.Originality/valueAlthough it has been claimed that risk perception has the potential to influence sustainable consumption of natural resources, few studies empirically investigated the association of risk perception of a specific environmental threat with responsible consumption. Moreover, even though there is general agreement in the literature that the adoption of sustainable water consumption strategies is shaped by the degree to which stakeholders exercise their salience attributes, studies that empirically examine the influence of these attributes within the hospitality sector are lacking. Therefore, this study fills a gap in the current literature by empirically examining the influence of managers' risk perception and stakeholder's salience attributes on firms' adoption of sustainable consumption strategies.

A growing trend in the recruitment of undergraduate students to engineering programs atCanadian universities is to establish an international presence at a branch campus in a different part of the world. This paper focuses on an example case study of the international collaboration of an introductory engineering course called “Sustainability in Engineering Design” between the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI) and the Universities of Canada (UofCanada-Cairo) inCairo, Egypt. This course set out as being foundational in the implementation of an identical, international offering of the UPEI Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering’s (FSDE) Bachelor of Science in Sustainable Design Engineering (BSc-SDE) program at the Cairo campus. This paper describes the implementation of the course at the branch (UofCanada-Cairo) campus and the coauthors, as instructors, provide a self-assessment of the success of the coordination to deliver the learning outcomes for the course. An assessment of how well the main graduate attributes (i.e. GA9: Impact on Society and Environment; GA6: Individual and Team Work, and GA13:Lifelong Learning) linked to the course’s learning outcomes were achieved in developing a sustainability mindset in UPEI FSDE undergraduate students will be presented and recommendations for the course in the context of international collaboration will be discussed.The projects' assessment also affirms that students at both campuses can work in teams to evaluate the impact of current engineering designs on society and environment and design more sustainable products in the future.