Celiac disease (CD) is characterized by the formation of an anemic syndrome whose etiopathogenesis if of a multifactorial origin. The main types of anemias in children with celiac disease are iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia of inflammation, also called anemia of chronic disease (ACD). This bibliographical review presents current information on the iron metabolism, morphological changes in the epithelium of the intestinal mucosa in celiac disease leading to the development of iron deficiency, pathogenesis of ACD formation in celiac disease, as well as the diagnosis of IDA and ACD in celiac disease.