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In this paper, we present a systematic framework for recognizing human actions without relying on impractical assumptions, such as processing of an entire video or requiring a large look-ahead of frames to label an incoming video. As a secondary goal, we examine incremental learning as an overlooked obstruction to the implementation of reliable real-time recognition. Assuming weak appearance constancy, the shape of an actor is approximated by adaptively changing intensity histograms to extract pyramid histograms of oriented gradient features. As action progresses, the shape update is carried out by adjustment of a few blocks within a tracking window to closely track evolving contours. The nonlinear dynamics of an action are learned using a recursive analytic approach, which transforms training into a simple linear representation. Such a learning strategy has two advantages: 1) minimized error rates, and significant savings in computational time; and 2) elimination of the widely accepted limitations of batch-mode training for action recognition. The effectiveness of our proposed framework is corroborated by experimental validation against the state of the art.

If police interviewers hold negative feelings towards certain groups, this may affect how they interview them (either as victims, witnesses or suspects) in that they may not obtain reliable accounts, being the aim of such interviews. The Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale (MIIPSS) has been developed to assess the level of any investigative interviewers' prejudicial stereotyping towards suspects. The current exploratory study involved semi-structured interviews with twenty people, who had previously been interviewed as suspects in England and also eight very experienced lawyers. Both their views were measured using the MIIPSS before being subjected to a Guttman analysis. Statistical analyses showed that MIIPSS satisfies the criteria for classification as a valid unidimensional and cumulative scale. Therefore, researchers could use MIIPSS as a tool to measure prejudicial stereotyping in investigative interviews. Interviewers could also use MIIPSS to monitor their own attitudes towards certain groups or individuals suspected of different types of crimes

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