Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect millions of people worldwide and is known to be one of the leading causes of death. The highly sensitive airways protect themselves from irritants by cough and sneeze which propel endogenous and exogenous substances to minimize airway noxious effects. One noxious effect of these substances is activation of peripheral sensory nerve endings of nociceptor neurons innervating these airways lining thus transmitting dangerous signals from the environment to the central nervous system (CNS). Nociceptor neurons include transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, especially the vanilloid and ankyrin subfamilies, TRPV1/A1 which can be activated by noxious chemical challenges in models of airways disease. As oxidative stress may activate airways sensory neurons and contribute to COPD exacerbations we sought to review the role that TRP channel activation by oxidative signals may have on airway responses. It would be prudent to target the TRP channels with antagonists and lower systemic oxidative stress with agents that can modulate TRP expression and boost the endogenous levels of antioxidants for treatment and management of COPD.

The atmosphere is replete with a mixture of toxic substances. Inhalation of toxic substances produces a variety of insults on the pulmonary system. Lung poisons include industrial materials and a large number of environmental contaminants. This review will give an in-depth knowledge of how the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with increased oxidative stress or reduced antioxidant resources. It has been documented that several indicators of oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide exhalation, lipid peroxidation products, and degraded proteins, are indeed elevated in COPD patients, and as a result, the antioxidant capacity decreases. The fall in antioxidant capacity of blood from COPD patients should not only be regarded as a reflection of the occurrence of oxidative stress but also as evidence that oxidative stress spreads out to the circulation and can therefore generate a systemic effect. An effective wide-spectrum antioxidant therapy that has good bioavailability and potency is a good approach to redressing the lungs antioxidant capacity to control the localized oxidative and inflammatory processes that occur in the pathogenesis of COPD.

CONTEXT:Survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster still suffer from various respiratory ailments. We examined the effects of exposures among a cross-section of current residents suffering from COPD by ISSR-PCR.AIMS:Molecular screening of the gas-affected population of Bhopal with COPD for microsatellite instability due to exposure of MIC.SETTINGS AND DESIGN:The isocyanate-exposed population of Bhopal city suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Inter-(SSR) analysis was used to characterize microsatellite instability in 52 MIC victims of Bhopal, suffering from COPD using (CA)8RG and (CA)8R[Y-Q] primer.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:Association analyses were performed using regression analysis.RESULTS:The study on the MIC-affected population in Bhopal showed weak association between microsatellite instability and age (r = + 0.37); exposure distance from site (r = −0.44); and smoking status(r = + 0.12); while regression analysis of the above parameters displayed supporting evidence.CONCLUSIONS:The high prevalence of smoking coupled with aging and poor living habits threatens, to further increase COPD incidences among this population, highlighting the need for enhanced screening efforts.

CONTEXT:CD14 functions as a multifunctional receptor for bacterial cell wall components including endotoxin and lipopolysaccharide and is likely to influence the cytokine profile and subsequent immunoglobulin E production in response to antigen/allergen contact in allergic phenotypes.AIMS:The present study was to investigate genetic polymorphism in CD14 gene - 159C/T, which may be one of the risk factor for increased prevalence of Chronic Lung Diseases in the Central India.SETTINGS AND DESIGN:Survivors of Methyl isocyanates toxicity in Bhopal still suffering from various respiratory ailments were examined.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed to determine the polymorphism of C-159T.RESULTS:The genotype and allelic frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg’s equilibrium. Prevalence of CC, CT, and TT were 5.5%, 22.2% and 9.25% respectively in asthmatics; 16.6%, 20.3% and 5.5% respectively in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and 5.5%, 14.8% and 1.85 respectively among interstitial lung disorder (ILD) patients; whereas the control cohort with no methyl isocyanate exposure displayed (CC, CT, and TT) cytosine, thymine as 2%, 1.6% and 2% respectively. Increased risk of Asthma among those carrying TT genotype and T allele (odds ratio [OR] =2.61 and 2.02 respectively).CONCLUSION:COPD risk significantly found among those with CC genotype and C allele (OR = 2.81 and 1.50 respectively), whereas ILD risk found significantly among CT genotype and C allele (OR = 1.75 and 1.40 respectively). Therefore, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C-159T polymorphism in CD14 gene might be a risk factor for development of CLD in this population.

BACKGROUND:Thalassemia and hemoglobin (Hb) disorders are the most common genetic disorders among humans. These disorders entail huge morbidity, economic, and psychological burden on the families of the affected. Genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are the steps, which helps to reduce this burden. At present, there is paucity of data on the mutational spectrum of thalassemia from the central Indian region.METHODS:Blood samples were collected from 62 transfusion-dependent patients, demographic and relevant data were collected and screened for the two rare mutations − 88 (C-T) and CAP + 1 (A-G) using amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and GAP PCR technique. PCR was performed for rare Hb disorders such as Hb Lepore and δ β chain disorder by GAP PCR in addition to five common Indian beta-thalassemia mutations IVS1-5 (G-C), IVS1-1 (G-T), Cd41/42 (−TCTT), Cd8/9 (+G), 619 bp deletion.RESULTS:Overall 93.5% of the mutations could be identified. Among the abnormal Hb, sickle cell and HbE were found at 4% and 3% of all the loci studied. We also reported two loci with Hb δ β and one locus with Hb Lepore in the present samples. IVS I-5 (G–C) was the common mutation (46%) followed by IVS I-1 (G–T) (12%) and 619 bp (9%).CONCLUSION:The identification of the genotypes helps to define the severity of the phenotype, plan therapy and form the basis of the comprehensive diagnostic database that would be useful not only for genetic counseling but prenatal diagnosis as well, contributing to the current focus of the National Policy to prevent and control hemoglobinopathies.