2 The diphthong ea results from both *ea and *ia arising after the loss of intervocalic consonants. 12 Armenian

The present paper is concerned with the most ancient layer of Armenian loanwords (armenisms) in the Kartvelian languages. Due to the relatively conservative historical phonology of Kartvelian, compared to Armenian, it appears that more archaic forms have occasionally been preserved. These forms can be identified on the basis of the comparative method. Here, six of the previously proposed armenisms and one new proposal, a word for ‘crane’, are discussed. It is proposed that this stratum of loans probably dates to the latter half of the 2nd millennium BC and prior to the breakup of Proto-Georgian-Zan.

In this paper we present a diachronically syntactic analysis of the PIE verbal root *sneigʷʰ-, arguing that it did not originally mean 'to snow', in the proto-language, but rather more primarily 'to fall down'. Evidence from several Indo-European branches is evaluated and argued to support a scenario in which the former meaning arose from the latter in a so-called impersonal verbal construction.

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