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Shortage in resources of water in semi-arid region as in Iraq have become an increasing extent dangerous problem. This research objective to improve a new management simulation model for resources of groundwater by linked simulation-optimization (S/O) model. The numerical responses of the 3-D numerical model were Integrated with Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization model in order to obtain the optimal use of groundwater resources in study area of Karbala desert area in Iraq. The three-dimensional numerical simulation program is used to simulate the system of groundwater flow for Al-Dammam confined aquifer under different conditions. The development management simulation model was adopted by operating the model with considered calibrated variables for current and future periods. Results of analysis the management (S/O) models indicate that the maximum value of pumping rate is reach to (450 E05) m3/year). Also, the pumping rates of the wells within study area could be increased to three times the present water required, with a maximum fall reach to 7.21m in the static heads of groundwater of aquifer.

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The spillways are one of the most important hydraulic structures used in river engineering, dam construction, irrigation, and drainage engineering projects. Recently, a new type of such spillways with a circular crest has been proposed. In this paper, the hydraulic properties of the circular crested stepped spillway (CCSS) including flow pattern, distribution of velocity on the crest and pressure, turbulence intensity, discharge coefficient ($${C}_{d}$$ C d ) and energy dissipation ratio (EDR) were investigated numerically. To model the free surface of flow the volume of fluid technique, and for modeling the turbulence of flow, k − ε (RNG) was utilized. Results declared that there is a good agreement between the laboratory observations and numerical simulation. The $${C}_{d}$$ C d of the CCSS changes between 0.9 and 1.4 considering the range of relative upstream head ($${h}_{up}/R$$ h up / R ) between 0.33 m and 2.67. The observation of the flow streamlines showed that they are tangential to the curvature of the crest and there is no separation of the flow from the crest. Examination of the pressure distribution on the CCSS model shows that just downstream part of the crest, the pressure is partially negative. Of course, the same partial negative pressure is observed on the edge of the steps. The steps increase the maximum intensity turbulence by 50%. The CCSS can dissipate the energy of flow between 90 and 30%, and in the skimming flow regime, the portion of each step in the energy dissipation regardless of their position is almost identical.

The current system called Expert System for Analysis and Control of Water Hammer Problems "ESACWHP" is developed to help engineers in the design and analysis of water hammer problems using the characteristic method with aid of the programming language called Visual Basic. Results obtained from the developed of "ESACWHP" show good agreement with that solved by traditional lengthy methods, in addition it is capable of handling more variables. The system is recommended to be used for analysis and design. 2005 No.3 Vol.13 Al-Rafidain Engineering No.3 Vol.13 Al-Rafidain Engineering 2-The expert system can be modified to include the analysis of a system in case of partial operation of pumping sets. 3-The software " Excel " can be used to support the expert system "ESACWHP". This makes it able to represent the results in a graphical fashion.