A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprise of a huge quantity of clusters of sensor nodes that can inter communicate with all nodes and with the base station through a wireless link. All clusters are corresponding to a cluster head to provide a direct communication to the base station and in addition with other cluster heads. Obviously well-organized selection of cluster head is a significant problem in the performance of the wireless sensor network. In this study, a novel two stage clustering protocol based on Self Organizing Map (SOM) neural network and Modified Fuzzy Possibilistic Clustering Algorithm (MFPCM) with the purpose of balancing the energy consumption. The clustering is carried out based on two important condition, energy level and coordinates of sensor nodes. Consequently, this novel two stage clustering method can prevent from premature death of the nodes and permit for random death of them. The experimental observation reveals that the SOM-MFPCM based clusterhead selection algorithm performs better than the cluster head election approach used in LEACH and can enable the network lifetime longer with less number of dead nodes.

We consecutively recruited the patients of MI aged ≤ 45 yrs [11] who presented to the Cardiac Care Unit and Department of Medicine of Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India, from November 2010 to April 2012. The study was a case control study. Those who qualified the criteria of inclusion and exclusion and gave consent for the study were enrolled. The post MI survivors were followed up in preventive cardiac clinic and OPDs of medicine. Results:The FMD was lower among young patients of MI than controls (p<0.001). CIMT was higher among cases than controls (p=0.001). ABI was lower among cases than controls (p<0.001).Compared to controls, PP was higher among cases (p=0.001). In all subjects, a negative correlation between FMD and CIMT (r=-0.220, p=0.005) and a positive correlation between FMD and ABPI (r=0.304, p<0.001) was found. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between endothelial dependent FMD and PP among cases and control groups (r=-0.209, p=0.007). Conclusion:Biophysical parameters were deranged in young post MI patients. Majority of our young male patients fell in low risk Framingham risk score but still they manifested with CAD. Despite six weeks of treatment among young male patients of MI, various biophysical parameters were still deranged.

Anaemia is often an unrecognised complication of diabetes that has an adverse effect on the progression of diabetes related complications. Anaemia predicts mortality in diabetes related chronic kidney disease (CKD). Contributors to its development include absolute and/or functional iron deficiency and erythropoietin insufficiency. This study aimed to look at the prevalence of anaemia and markers of iron deficiency in patients with diabetes related CKD.An analysis was done of the results from all patients (225 men, 93 women; mean age 70 years) attending joint diabetes–renal clinics over a 12‐month period. Haemoglobin (Hb) was measured in 88%. The mean Hb was 12.6g/dl in men and 11.7g/dl in women. A total of 21.5% (11.5% men, 10% women) had Hb <11g/dl who should have anaemia management as per National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines. Among the anaemic population, CKD stage 3 was present in 25% of men and in 8% of women, with CKD stage 4 present in 20% of men and in 32% of women. Fifty‐three percent had absolute iron deficiency (serum ferritin <100μg/L) and 41% had inadequate iron stores (serum ferritin between 100 and 500μg/L). Functional iron deficiency defined by serum ferritin >100μg/L and red cell hypochromasia ≥6% was noted in 21.6% of anaemic patients.Anaemia is a frequent finding in patients with diabetes related CKD. A significant proportion of patients had functional iron deficiency that required iron therapy for optimisation of their iron stores before starting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents. Measurement of red cell hypochromasia is a valuable tool to detect this group of patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.

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