No abstract

This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially IntroductIonDiabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT) have been the two major medical and public health issues for 40 years worldwide. Diabetes affects around 347 million worldwide, of which 37.7 million cases are present in India. Type 2 diabetes (adult onset) is more associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and is the leading cause of visual