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The metamorphosed ultramafic-mafic bodies of the Kudada area are located close to the Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) in eastern India, where the major rock types are talc-magnesite schist and serpentinite with accessory chromite and magnetite veins. The ultramafic bodies and associated metavolcanic rocks are part of the northern extension of the Early Archean Gorumahisani greenstone belt and belong to the Iron Ore Group (IOG) supracrustal sequence. This study reveals intense compositional variability in accessory chromites of serpentinite with core composition of chromites are characterized by the variable Cr# [Cr/(Cr+Al)] = 0.53 - 0.82 and Mg# [Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)] = 0.01 - 0.17. Compositional variability on the scale of a single chromite grain occurs in the form of multi-stage zoning. To identify the patterns of compositional zoning, chromites of serpentinite are subdivided into four types depending on their grain size, reflectivity of different rims, intensity of fracture, and porosity, and supported by in-situ mineral chemistry. The type-I chromites are less fractured and non-porous variety showing the outermost chrome magnetite rim envelops the inner ferritchromit rim. Porosity is mainly developed in the type-II grains where the inner ferritchromit is formed surrounding the pore spaces. The type-III chromites are small clustered grains having ferritchromit core and chrome magnetite rim while the type-IV grains are completely altered to chrome magnetite. Textural relations and mineral chemistry indicate that metamorphism and activities of H2O and CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids during tectonic evolution of the Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) might have caused these zoning patterns and compositional variabilities in accessory chromites of the Kudada area. Cation exchange between chromite and silicate minerals along with intra-grain cation diffusion within different Cr-spinel zones further intensified these processes.

It is well established that the major and minor element contents of chromites are subject to change during greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. During upper amphibolite facies metamorphism, chromite can be completely converted to chrome magnetite.However, not all elements are affected to the same degree, the concentrations of +2 ions (e.g. Zn, Co, Mn) being particularly vulnerable to modification. The degree to which trace elements, particularly the platinum-group elements (PGE), are affected has not been closely examined. The compositions and textures of chromites from komatiites of the Gorumahishani greenstone belt of the Singhbhum Craton (India) have experienced a range of metamorphic conditions from greenschist to amphibolite facies, providing the opportunity to study the changes of trace and platinum-group element composition with metamorphic grade. Five types of altered chromites are identified from the komatiitic suite of rocks in the ~120 km long greenstone belt. The type-I chromites are non-porous and characterized by the least modified cores. These chromites are mostly present in the northern Maharajgunj-Tua Dungri section where rocks show metamorphism from greenschist to greenschist-amphibolite transition facies. The type-II and type-III chromites are porous and mostly found in the southern Kapili section of the greenstone belt where rocks show metamorphism up to the mid-amphibolite facies. Type-IV and type-V chromites are completely modified to ferritchromit and chrome magnetite, respectively and are present in the komatiitic rocks from the entire greenstone belt. The central cores of the type-I and type-II grains have relatively higher concentrations of mobile trace elements (e.g. Zn, Co, and Mn) with higher Mg# [Mg/(Mg+Fe 2+ )], lower Cr# [Cr/(Cr+Al)] and lower Fe 3+ /R 3+ (R 3+ = Fe 3+ +Cr 3+ +Al 3+ ) ratios than their respective rims. Significantly higher concentrations of the immobile trace elements (e.g. Ti and V) in the cores of the type-II grains relative to their chrome magnetite rims from the Kapili section, and to the type-I varieties from other sections might be due to the metamorphism of the komatiitic rocks under higher grade conditions (amphibolite facies). In situ LA-ICPMS analysis for PGE reveal a relatively higher concentration of Ru and Rh in the rims of the type-I chromites than in the cores which is due to the diffusion of these elements from the normal spinel structure of the cores towards the bivalent octahedral sites of the inverse spinel structure of the chrome magnetite rims during metamorphic processes. The lower concentrations of Os, Ir, Ru, and Rh in the cores of the type-II chromites from the Kapili section might be related to the metamorphism of the rocks under higher grade conditions that facilitated the diffusion of these elements to associated sulfide or platinum-group mineral or alloy phases. The calculated partition coefficients of Sc,