Aim: The objective of this work was to determine the behavior of the trajectories of the air plots in two sites (San Mateo Atenco-(SM) and San Lorenzo Tepaltitlán-(SL)), in the atmosphere of the Metropolitan Zone of the Toluca Valley (MZTV). Methodology: In the atmosphere of the MZTV, using HYSPLIT a Backward trajectory direction analysis was performed from June 29 to July 8, 2021, considering for each day the summertime schedules of the center, indicating its Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). An ANOVA analysis (with a significance level of α=0.05) was performed for the concentrations of SM and SL obtained with PIXE, with the objective of seeing the equality of their behavior. Results: The behavior of the direction of the trajectories of the air plots in both sites is similar and the trajectories for the same day are the same in both sites but different on another day; It was determined that during night-day (19 to 12 h of the following day) the behavior is similar and changes during the remaining time, being variable. In general, the origin of the trajectories of the air plots for both sites of the MZTV is predominantly from the southeast, a situation that was confirmed with Wind Roses. Of the ANOVA analysis, the p-value was in all cases greater than the significance level of 0.05, the null hypothesis was accept, and it is possible to conclude that the elemental chemical composition of PM2.5 have equal means in both sites. Conclusion: Among other, it is possible to consider the behavior of meteorological parameters and thus take them into account for sampling studies of criteria pollutants such as PM2.5.
En la atmósfera de las ciudades existe una gran cantidad de material particulado conformado por residuos de combustión, polvo derivado de la actividad industrial, desgaste de llantas y balatas, metales pesados, fibras, hollín y también por material biológico como polen, esporas de hongos, bacterias, ácaros, virus, que a diferencia de los contaminantes químicos, no son cuantificados rutinariamente, pero son un problema potencial en salud pública. El objetivo del presente trabajo es dar a conocer la presencia de agentes fúngicos en la atmósfera, así como su acción combinada con los materiales particulados de origen químico, haciendo énfasis en los más pequeños (PM2.5 y partículas ultrafinas) y los posibles riesgos a la salud. El estudio de la acción combinada de los contaminantes químicos y biológicos permitirá plantear estrategias para alertar y proteger a la población vulnerable.
Palabras clave: dispersión coulombiana, método analítico nuclear, iones retrodispersados, masa atómica, colisión elástica, espectro de energía. RESUMENEl carbono origina compuestos que se caracterizan por tener en su estructura átomos enlazados a otros elementos como oxígeno, hidrógeno y nitrógeno. Muchos de ellos son de gran utilidad para los seres vivos; sin embargo, otros como el monóxido y el bióxido de carbono son considerados de alto riesgo para las poblaciones que los inhalan, además de su impacto en el cambio climático. Por ello la vigilancia de las concentraciones de carbono en la atmósfera es vital. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la presencia y concentración del carbono elemental en las partículas suspendidas con diámetro aerodinámico igual o menor que 2.5 µm por medio de la técnica de espectrometría de retrodispersión de Rutherford (RBS, por sus siglas en inglés). Durante la campaña de muestreo (noviembre 2016-noviembre 2017) se recolectaron 10 muestras en seis sitios de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Toluca y se analizaron con el acelerador tándem Van de Graaff. Se utilizó un haz de protones con energía de 2.5 MeV, el cual colisionó elásticamente con los átomos de la muestra (blanco), los cuales fueron dispersados a cierto ángulo y energía, caracterizando a la masa del centro dispersor. Las partículas así dispersadas fueron registradas por un detector de barrera superficial, obteniéndose un espectro de energía. El análisis de los espectros se realizó con el programa SIMNRA.
Introduction: PM2.5 air pollution causes death and morbidity in populations, 4.2 million premature deaths have been reported worldwide per year and can cause cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, among other diseases. As a result, it is important to know the sources that produce them.Objective: Determine the possible Sources of Risk (SR) to health, by inhalation of Elemental Chemical Composition (EQC) obtained from PM2.5 samples in the Toluca Valley (TV).Method: Sampling was carried out (26/11/16-14/03/18) in San Mateo Atenco, Ceboruco, Nueva Oxtotitlán, San Lorenzo Tepaltitlán, Zinacantepec and San Cristóbal Huichochitlán, using medium volume equipment every six days for 24 hours. It was calculated: gravimetry, analysis by atomic technique PIXE (Proton Induced X-Ray Emission) to obtain the EQC. The emission sources were determined with multivariate analysis, the elemental risk for three sensitive classes of the population and their possible sources of risk. Results: The SRs determined: Dust-Soil, Industry, Hydrocarbons, Vehicle, Burn-Fuels, Fine Gravimetric Mass, Coal burning, Metallurgy and Sulphates. Discussion: The SRs with the highest values, for sensitive populations, were Industry and Dust-Soil, this as a consequence of the large number of existing industries that produce EQC. Conclusion: The risks of inhalation of EQC present in PM2.5 for sampling sites were high, because of this there is a high probability of contracting some diseases that can be caused by EQC. The risk determined for sources in the ZMTV, to date, does not exist in similar research in the literature.
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