INTRODUCTIONThe 1996 consensus statement by the Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology (1,2) defines orthostatic hypotension (OH) as a drop in systolic blood pressure ≥ 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing from a supine or seated position. (3)(4)(5) OH is a well-established clinical entity (6)(7)(8) that is associated with a wide range of morbidities in the literature, such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline and an increased risk of falls. (4,5,(9)(10)(11) Despite this, its current prevalence among the local elderly population attending primary healthcare settings is not well-established. The first set of data collected locally in 1987 suggested a prevalence of 22% in a hospitalised population.(12) Another sub-analysis in a longitudinal study in 1999 showed a prevalence of 16.6% in a communitydwelling Chinese population aged 55 years and above, but did not include patients with comorbidities such as previous stroke and cardiovascular diseases.(5) Overseas population studies provided wide variations in estimates of OH prevalence ranging from 5% to 34%. The variation is attributable to the different demographic characteristics and settings of study populations. (13) The magnitude of OH and understanding of its associated risk factors has an impact on the design of screening programmes, clinical practice and health service delivery to the geriatric population in the local community. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of OH among elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years (an accepted definition of old age in most developed countries) (14) who attended a typical public primary care clinic (i.e. polyclinic) in Singapore. The secondary objective of this study was to assess the associations between OH and various clinical and non-clinical factors. Such information would allow us to identify factors that can increase the risk of OH, so that appropriate measures can be introduced to mitigate associated adverse outcomes in at-risk patients. METHODSThe study was conducted over two weeks in February 2013. Participants attended SingHealth Polyclinics-Geylang, a typical public primary care clinic located in the mideastern part of Singapore. Elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years constituted about 27% of the clinic's 700-900 daily patient attendance in 2014 (according to unpublished data). Our target group consisted of community-dwelling, multiethnic Asian elderly adults who were ambulatory; aged ≥ 65 years and above; and managed at the study site for their existing chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. The exclusion

Introduction: Community Health Education (CHE) is a development strategy which aims to address the needs of communities in developing countries through an emphasis on moral values and civic education. The syllabus of the CHE program guides a trainer to find the needs of a developing community and take a moral values-based approach to health issues such as alcoholism, smoking, injuries to accidents, and sexually-transmitted illnesses. The fundamental philosophy is that of development as opposed to aid. Methods: In November 2010 and February 2011, this training was conducted for leaders and volunteers from two Cambodian Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) involved in HIV prevention education and training in Cambodia. In order to investigate long-term impact, participants who underwent training sessions in November 2010 and February 2011 also underwent Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Results: A total of 28 participants partook in the 3 FGDs and 5 participants took part in the KIIs. Participants were able to recall a number of moral values and concepts from the training. These included forgiveness, love, altruism, unity, respect, empathy, teamwork, optimism, and hopefulness. The organizations were then able to use the CHE model to change the way their organization worked together to achieve the goals in their communities. The participants were also able to use the teaching modalities employed by CHE sessions in their own work with their target communities. Conclusion: The CHE training system has had a number of positive effects. They have influenced the personal lives of the participants, the way their organizations are run and the way they reach out to their target communities. In light of the themes identified in our results, we propose further research to compare the relative magnitude of all of these effects on these organizations in the long run compared to the short run.