No abstract

BACKGROUND: The superficial location of the eye, its cystic composition, and the advent of high-frequency ultrasound make sonography ideal for imaging the eye. Ultrasonography is a simple, readily available, non-invasive, non-ionizing, highly accurate, real time and cost effective modality. OBJECTIVES: 1) To evaluate the accuracy of high resolution Bmode ultrasonography in the diagnosis of posterior segment lesions of eye as compared to ophthalmoscopic examination particularly in cases of opaque conducting media. 2) To evaluate sonographic appearances of various posterior segment lesions of the eye. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1) A prospective study was carried out on 62 cases with suspected posterior segment lesions of eye. All patients clinically suspected to have posterior segment lesions in the presence of opaque conducting media were included in the study. Cases suspected to have isolated anterior segmental and extra ocular lesions were excluded. 2) HRUS was performed with Philips IU22 using high frequency probe (5 to 17 MHz) utilizing contact method. 3) Sonological diagnosis was made based on sonographic features such as location, morphology, echo pattern, color Doppler characteristics, kinetics of the lesion with eye movements and acoustic characteristics of the lesion. 4) Subsequent clinical, lab investigations, surgical and histopathological examinations were carried out as applicable and final diagnosis was made which was correlated with the sonological diagnosis. Sonological diagnosis was also compared with ophthalmoscopic diagnosis. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The validities and diagnostic accuracies of high resolution ultrasound and ophthalmoscopic examinations were calculated and compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1) Ultrasound was the initial imaging modality opted in most of the cases as it was readily available, simple and cost effective modality. It establishes the diagnosis in significant number of cases superseding the accuracy of ophthalmoscopic diagnosis with significant difference (p-value < 0.0001). 2) It is particularly well suited in cases of opaque conducting media when direct ophthalmoscopy is not possible. 3) HRUS is a highly sensitive modality and it can reliably differentiate various ocular detachments, vitreoretinal disorders and neoplastic lesions with significant accuracy.

BACKGROUND:Most of the times a Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) patient is being treated with empirical antibiotics by best guess method by the clinician.MDR strains are being reported from c/s reports and Gram negative rods are fast increasing both in the etiology and mortality of CAP patients.

Chronic rhino sinusitis is one of the most common illnesses of our times and has been known to negatively impact health related quality of life. The importance of anatomic variants as a predisposing cause for sinus disease has been stressed by several authors. Computed tomography is the investigation of choice in the diagnosis of diseases involving the paranasal sinuses and also for the pre-operative assessment of sino-nasal surgery. Aim of this this study was to understand the significance of these anatomic variations with respect to disease process affecting the paranasal sinuses and to emphasise on the importance of pre-operative identification of these anatomic variants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All Computed Tomography scans of paranasal sinuses referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis in our Institute over a period of 18 months, between June 2013 to November 2014. 280 scans of paranasal sinuses done in this period were evaluated retrospectively.We excluded scans in which the paranasal anatomy had been altered / obscured by inflammation, trauma, surgery or neoplasms. Rest of the images were assessed for the presence of variant anatomy involving the paranasal sinuses and their drainage pathways. CONCLUSION: In this study variant sinonasal anatomy was noted in 84 % of the cases, with deviated nasal septum and the Aggernasi cells being most common types. Since anatomical variants are so common in paranasal sinuses, familiarity with the complex and highly variable anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is critical to its evaluation at CT.