Background Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) is one of the most uncompromising weeds in the whole world. Its adverse effects due to fast growth rate are main physical interference with fishing and navigation. Water hyacinth also causes eutrophication due to the large release of organic nutrients after its degradation, consequentially deterioration of water quality and also adversely affecting aquatic flora and fauna. Therefore, composting is one of the best methods for control and utilization of water hyacinth. Water hyacinth being the plant material is rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content which hinders the rate of degradation during composting. The raw materials including water hyacinth along with sawdust and cattle manure in five different proportions trial 1 (10:0:0), trial 2 (8:1:1), trial 3 (7:2:1), trial 4 (6:3:1), and trial 5 (5:4:1) were composted using rotary drum composter. Results Final product of water hyacinth composting was flourishing of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The lignin reduction in all the five trials was obtained between 10 and 40 %. The reduction in cellulose was observed ranging from 4 to 55 % in different trials. Similar as cellulose and lignin, hemicellulose was also reduced about 11-46 % in all five trials during the process. Conclusion The maximum reduction inorganic matter, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose was observed in trial 4;whereas, the nutrient contents (nitrogen, phosphorus, Na, K, Ca, and Mg) were increased significantly during the process. On analyzing the FTIR results, trial 4 showed that aliphatic and polysaccharides have easily degraded and aromatic compounds have increased with composting time in trial 4.

Objective To evaluate traumatic spondyloptosis cases for neurological, surgical, and outcome perspectives. Materials and Methods This retrospective study includes 17 patients of spondyloptosis admitted in our department between August 2016 and January 2020. Each patient was evaluated in terms of demographic profile, clinical presentation, duration of injury, mode of injury, associated injuries, level and type of spondyloptosis, spinal cord status, nociceptive and neuropathic pain severity, severity of injury based on International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSI) assessment, surgical approaches, complications, and outcome. Unpaired t- test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Values with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Fall from height (58.8%) was the most common mode of injury. Most common level of spondyloptosis was T12–L1 (41.1%). Sagittal–plane spondyloptosis (76.5%) were more common than coronal–plane spondyloptosis (23.5%). Most common associated injury was musculoskeletal (64.7%). Neurological status of the patient at presentation (p = 0.0007) was significantly associated with outcome after 3 months of surgery/conservative management. Residual listhesis was present in 53.3% of patients postoperatively. Postoperative nociceptive pain (p = 0.0171) and neuropathic pain (0.0329) were significantly associated with residual listhesis. Duration of injury (p = 0.0228) was also significantly associated with postoperative residual listhesis. Conclusion Complete reduction of spondyloptosis should be the goal of surgery. Overall prognosis of spinal cord injury (SCI) due to traumatic spondyloptosis is poor.

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