BackgroundCOVID-19 pathology is associated with exuberant inflammation, vascular damage, and activation of coagulation. In addition, complement activation has been described and is linked to disease pathology. However, few studies have been conducted in cancer patients.ObjectiveThis study examined complement activation in response to COVID-19 in the setting of cancer associated thromboinflammation.MethodsMarkers of complement activation (C3a, C5a, sC5b-9) and complement inhibitors (Factor H, C1-Inhibitor) were evaluated in plasma of cancer patients with (n=43) and without (n=43) COVID-19 and stratified based on elevated plasma D-dimer levels (>1.0 μg/ml FEU). Markers of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and platelet activation (ICAM-1, thrombomodulin, P-selectin) as well as systemic inflammation (pentraxin-3, serum amyloid A, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) were analyzed to further evaluate the inflammatory response.ResultsIncreases in circulating markers of endothelial cell dysfunction, platelet activation, and systemic inflammation were noted in cancer patients with COVID-19. In contrast, complement activation increased in cancer patients with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimers. This was accompanied by decreased C1-Inhibitor levels in patients with D-dimers > 5 ug/ml FEU.ConclusionComplement activation in cancer patients with COVID-19 is significantly increased in the setting of thromboinflammation. These findings support a link between coagulation and complement cascades in the setting of inflammation.

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The techniques employed for bioconversion of cellulosic biomass to simple sugars by cellulases have a great industrial brunt. Cold-adapted microorganisms are potential resource of cold-active carboxymethyl cellulases secluded from the cold regions. In this study, Trichophyton terrestre-a rare fungal species in Indian soils, isolated from the rhizosphere of Juglans regia L. during winter season was subjugated for the production and commotion of an enzyme carboxymethyl cellulase in carboxymethyl cellulose solution by DNS method at an ample range of temperatures, using Lineweaver-Burk plot which offers a practical graphical method for the analysis of Michealis-Menten equation, to establish the imperative terms in enzyme kinetics as K m and V max . The enzyme kinetic parameters like maximum activity (V max ), K m and turnover number were recorded at varying concentrations of CMC and different temperatures (4°C and 50°C). The enzyme was found to be tolerant and stable at two varying temperatures which enables this fungal species to survive in the extreme environmental conditions of northern India. Such property of carboxymethyl cellulase enzyme has extensive range of applications and the potential to open new application fields in the areas of industrial processes.