In the last three decades, a lot of scientific research has been carried out in the field of Carbon nanomaterials all over the world due to their significant electronic, optical, mechanical, chemical and thermal properties. The zero, one, two and three dimensional Carbon nanomaterials (i.e. fullerenes, Carbon nanotubes, Graphene, Carbon quantum dots, Carbon Nanohorns, Nanodiamonds, Carbon Nanofibres and Carbon black) have exhibited such inherent features that can be easily exploited in the development of advanced technology for sensing applications. The employment of nanomaterials within sensors has paved new way and opportunities for the detection of analytes or target molecules. Carbon nanomaterials based electrochemical biosensors have reported biocompatibility, better sensitivity, better selectivity and lower limits of detection to detect a wide range of chemical to biological molecules. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been made to cover recent developments in the field of Carbon based nanomaterials as electrochemical biosensors. The characteristic features of a variety of nanomaterials like fullerenes, Carbon nanotubes, Graphene, Carbon quantum dots, Carbon Nanohorns, Carbon Nanodiamonds, Carbon Nanofibres, Carbon black etc. have been discussed along with their synthesis methods. The recent application of all these nanomaterials as electrochemical biosensors for the detection of various biomolecules have been highlighted; the future prospects and possibilities in this field have been outlined.

In recent times, the demand for electrical energy is increased to such an extent that the scientific research has to be focused on the development of materials that fulfil the growing demands of energy for efficient solid state lighting purposes and provide clean and green energy to mitigate the alarming effects of climate change. The ternary Indium Gallium Nitride (In x Ga 1-x N) alloys have emerged as the potential candidate for Solid State lighting as they inherent such attributes that make them capable for these applications. In this review, the attributes of In x Ga 1-x N alloys have been discussed. The dependence of bandgap and bowing parameter on the composition of In x Ga 1-x N alloys along with various techniques employed for the growth of these alloys in bulk and nanostructure forms have been reviewed. The recent advances in In x Ga 1-x N based nanostructures for Solid State lighting have also been extensively reviewed. The challenges that are to be overcome for potential use of In x Ga 1-x N alloys like phase segregation, unavailability of a suitable substrate, polarization and doping have been thoroughly highlighted. In the end, the conclusion and future scope of work on these wonderful classes of materials has been drawn.