Background: Intrusion of maxillary incisors is one of the most important and difficult tooth movements to achieve as a part of orthodontic therapy. A variety of techniques were used in the past to intrude the maxillary incisors before the emergence of mini implants in Orthodontics. Mini implants are temporary anchorage devices used to produce various tooth movements. The research was carried out to evaluate and compare the efficiency of producing intrusion of maxillary incisors using mini implants, utility arch and j-hook headgear.

The use of skeletal anchorage with fixed functional appliances (FFA) has been proposed by various authors to produce skeletal changes and reduce lower incisor proclination. To compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FFRD) with or without skeletal anchorage (miniplates and mini‐implants). The electronic database PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase and Google Scholar along with a manual search of orthodontic journals till the year 2019. Only randomized control trials (RCTs) were included in the systematic review. One controlled clinical trial (CCT) which involved FFRD was included in the review since it was a continuation of an RCT which was expanded to a CCT. Skeletal and dentoalveolar outcome data were extracted to collect study characteristics. After evaluating risk of bias, the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Three RCTs and one prospective CCT were evaluated. The analysis included data from 116 Class II subjects [(58) treated with FFA along with skeletal anchorage and (58) treated with FFA]. There were no significant difference between the two groups with respect to mandibular length changes (P value = .10) and SNB angle changes (P value = .22). With respect to lower incisor inclination however, there was a significant difference between the two groups (P value = .005) signifying better results with respect to skeletal anchorage. The studies reviewed provide insufficient evidence to form a conclusion regarding the effects of the use of skeletal anchorage with FFRD. The available weak evidence suggests that the use of skeletal anchorage with FFRD has no superior skeletal effects but is able to reduce proclination of the lower incisors. Control of lower incisor proclination remains the most significant advantage of skeletal reinforcement, and miniplate‐anchored FFRD showed more promising results in preventing lower incisor proclination than miniscrew‐anchored FFRD.

Soybean, an important legume crop, serves as a good source of protein and oil with tremendous ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen for soil improvement. To study the genetic variability, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficient of variation, broad sense heritability and genetic advance in soybean, a field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2013. The experiment, laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications, comprised of 24 genotypes and observations on 9 traits of soybean were recorded. In this experiment, analysis of variance indicated that significant variation were present among the different genotypes of the soybean for all the traits under study. The highest genotypic (GCV) and phonotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by the test weight, number of pods per plant, harvest index and plant height. The PCV was found higher than GCV which indicates the important role of environment in the expression of the characters. High heritability and high genetic advance were observed in the test weight, number of pods per plant, harvest index and plant height. The combination of the high heritability and high genetic advance provide the clear image of the trait in the selection process for crop improvement programme.

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