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Air Quality Index (AQI) technique has been used to analyze and gather database on pollution in the atmosphere. As air pollution is becoming a bigger threat with modernization, various countries are taking different measures to assess the amount of contamination present in the air we breathe. The current research has analyzed the impact of the pandemic on the air quality of Jodhpur and has compared AQI recorded monthly. Changes in the air quality were observed throughout the year 2020. Measurements for four sites in Jodhpur were compared and recorded. To measure the AQI of all the four, “Maximum Operator Function” method, initially tested in IIT Kanpur, was applied. Basni Industrial Area succeeded Shastri Circle and recorded the best air quality. Since both were categorized as industrial areas, it showed that policy measures relating to the industries in the city during past years have helped in improving the air quality.

The consequences of population growth and urbanization on the urban environment, climate, and water supply have caused a wide range of issues. As a result of the rapid urbanization process, vegetation covers are being converted by impervious and dry concrete covers. This has led to the growth of "heat islands," where urban areas experience warmer temperatures than the areas surrounding them. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a human-caused environmental phenomenon that has a wide range of impacts on city dwellers, including changing the vegetation cover and its usage, which alters the thermal energy flow and raises surface and air temperatures. Such heat islands have far-reaching impacts for cities, the most significant of which is an increase in the expense of maintaining a safe living and working environment. The major objective of this study is to examine multitemporal Land Surface Temperature (LST)/Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) from 1990 to 2022. The Landsat satellite data sets for the years 1990, 2001, 2011, and 2022 have used to investigate the impact of UHI/LST in relation to NDVI in the study area. The most significant change has been observed in vegetation cover (NDVI), which has declined compared to other types of land use land cover. According to the study, built-up area and barren land have high temperatures, whereas vegetated covers and water bodies have lower temperatures. The LST of some portion of study area is high due to the high population density and high percentage of built-up and concrete cover. The LST over the study area has risen on average by 6.88 °C between 1990 and 2022. The regression line provided a conclusive answer, demonstrating a strong negative relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and UHI of PMC. According to the findings of this study, a major transition has occurred in PMC in terms of a decline in NDVI due to a rapid growth in urban expansion, and other infrastructure projects. To study urban climate and interactions between people and the environment, land surface temperature (LST) variations within cities are of utmost importance in respect to ascertain the LST/Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and NDVI variations in PMC. While developing urbanization, the environmental impact must be taken into account.

Background : The available research on alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction has mainly deliberated on erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Other major domains of sexual dysfunctions (viz., sexual pleasure, sexual desire, arousal, orgasmic function, and intercourse satisfaction) were rarely taken into consideration. This study was undertaken with the aim to boost an interest and understanding in this area and to reduce the morbidity associated with alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction. Materials and Methodology: The study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive design and recruited 78 male patients admitted for de-addiction. The assessment was conducted using a specially designed intake pro forma and psychometrically strong and validated tools such as Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire-Male Clinical version (CSFQ-MC), International Index of Erectile Function scale, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -5, and International Classification of Disease, 10th revision, diagnostic criteria for research. Results : The various domains of sexual dysfunction as per CSFQ revealed decreased sexual pleasure (71.8%) as the most common sexual dysfunction followed by low sexual desire (in terms of frequency) in 61.5%. Sexual desire (in terms of interest) was low in 55.1%. Sexual arousal/excitement was low in 59%. Sexual orgasm/completion scores were low in 48.7% alcohol-dependent male patients. Erectile dysfunction was found in 43.6% of alcohol-dependent male patients. Conclusion: The most common sexual dysfunction reported in the current study was decreased sexual pleasure (71.8%) followed by low sexual desire 61.5% (in terms of frequency). These findings emphasize the fact, that alcohol significantly compromises almost all domains of sexual functioning in addition to erectile dysfunction. Further, this information can be used in motivational counseling of heavy drinkers (especially adolescents and young adults) to provide motivation for change.