Introduction Despite a marked recent increase in the number of publications describing the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Asia, and especially in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and Singapore, there remains a lack of consensus on the true risks, and trends over time, to inform appropriate clinical practice. The purpose of this systematic review was therefore to examine evidence about the incidence of symptomatic VTE in Asia. Methods Databases were searched for studies from Asia, published between January 1995 and February 2016, on the incidence of symptomatic VTE, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism. Review of eligible studies was conducted independently by two reviewers. Data were extracted on incidence, predispositions and recurrence of VTE. Results One thousand nighty-five studies were identified, of which 73 were eligible for full text review and data extraction. Three population-wide estimates of VTE rates identified from Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong reported annual incidences of 13.8, 15.9 and 19.9 per 100,000, respectively. Nine studies of Asian hospital registries or databases reported VTE rates ranging from 11 to 88 cases per 10,000 admissions. Population-based estimates of post-surgical DVT rates ranged from 0.15 to 1.35%. Age was a significant risk factor for VTE in all population groups. Conclusion Population-wide incidence estimates in Asia were approximately 15 to 20% of the levels recorded in western countries but have increased over time. It is anticipated this synthesis of evidence on the incidence of VTE and its predisposing factors will increase awareness about VTE in Asian populations.

The present study deals with the limnobiotic status of three selected lakes of Himachal Pradesh using physicochemical and biological parameters (especially phytoplankton and zooplankton) over a period of 2 years. One hundred forty-eight species belonging to nine groups of phytoplankton and 79 species belonging to five groups of zooplankton were identified from the lakes. Trophic level and the pollution status of the lakes were assessed upon the basis of Shannon diversity index (H'), species richness index (S), and physicochemical parameters. Plankton population size was correlated with biotic and abiotic parameters (pH, alkalinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, transparency, phosphate, chloride, and nitrate). The present investigation revealed that the distribution of plankton species depended upon the physicochemical parameters of the environment. Based on water quality standards given by the Central Pollution Control Board, the water quality was between "A-B" at Prashar wetland, "C-D" at Kuntbhyog Lake, and "D-E" at Rewalsar Lake. The results from the present study indicated that the potential of planktons as bioindicators of trophic status is very high.

Water quality was determined in the different stretches of the river Sutlej (S(1), S(2), and S(3)) for a period of 1 year (November 2006 to October 2007). S(1) was at Ropar Head Works, S(2) at U/S of Budha Nallah at Phillaour, and S(3) was D/S of Budha Nallah in district Ludhiana (Punjab). Relatively low values of TDS, turbidity, BOD, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, nitrates, and phosphates were recorded at S(1) and S(2) as compared to S(3). Heavy metals like Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni were detected at S(2) and S(3). On the basis of water quality standards given by Central Pollution Control Board, the water quality was at "A-B" at S(1), "B-C" at S(2), and "D-E" at S(3). For the computation of water quality rating and water quality index, nine parameters were considered. The mean values of these parameters were compared with WHO, ICMR, and ISI standards. The water quality index at stations S(1), S(2), and S(3) was 32.84, 51.01, and 132.66, respectively. This clearly indicated that the river water at station S(2) and S(3) was found to be unsafe for human consumption.

Ligation and excision of pseudoaneurysms without revascularization is safe for drug addicts provided it is based on the presence of a postligation Doppler signal.

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