No abstract

Urinary tracts infection remains a common troublesome health problem in the world. Although E.coli is normal intestinal flora but considered as the main important opportunistic active uropathogene because of it’s pathogenesity which referred to it’s different virulence factors like hemolysin, biofilm, enterotoxins, shiga like toxins, cytotoxic necrotizing factor and others. Seventy seven E.coli isolates which isolated from 125 midstream urine samples of patients suffering from different types of UTIs. The results showed that 44 isolates 57% were produced hemolysin. These isolates were differed in the efficiency of erythrocyte lysis because which depend on type of hemolysin and source of blood. Seventy two isolates 90.9% were formed biofilm with variety in thickness of biofilm layer. Each isolate produce hemolysin also formed biofilm. Presence of genes encoded for virulence traits of UPEC (hemolysin, biofilm) were examined by PCR with specific primers. The results showed that the percentage of α-hly gene encoded for α-hemolysin 50% while percentage of eae gene encoded for intimin and E-hly gene encoded for enterohemolysin were 40% and 20% respectively.

No abstract

Haemophilus influenzae is a pathogen that causes invasive bacterial infections in humans. The highest prevalence lies in both young children and adults. Generally, there are no vaccines available that target all the strains of Haemophilus influenzae . Hence, the purpose of this research is to employ bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches to design a Multi-Epitope Vaccine candidate employing the pathogenic cell division protein FtsN that specifically combat all the Haemophilus influenzae strains. The current research focuses on developing subunit vaccine in contrast to vaccines generated from the entire pathogen. This will be accomplished by combining multiple bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches. As a result, prospective T cells (helper T lymphocyte and cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and B cells epitopes were investigated. The human leukocyte antigen allele having strong associations with the antigenic and overlapping epitopes were chosen, with 70% of the total coverage of the world population. To construct a linked vaccine design, multiple linkers were used. To increase the immunogenic profile, an adjuvant was linked using EAAAK linker. The final vaccine construct with 149 amino acids was obtained after adjuvants and linkers were added. The developed Multi-Epitope Vaccine has a high antigenicity as well as viable physiochemical features. The 3D conformation was modeled and undergoes refinement and validation using bioinformatics methods. Furthermore, protein–protein molecular docking analysis was performed to predict the effective binding poses of Multi-Epitope Vaccine with the Toll-like receptor 4 protein. Besides, vaccine underwent the codon translational optimization and computational cloning to verify the reliability and proper Multi-Epitope Vaccine expression. In addition, it is necessary to conduct experiments and research in the laboratory to demonstrate that the vaccine that has been developed is immunogenic and protective.

Background: medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals, which represent the richest bioresource of drugs are used against various diseases. Objective: The present study included an in-vitro antimicrobial investigation for one of wild Iraqi plant Lepidium draba on some skin infectious agents. Methods: The fresh aerial plant parts were macerated in 80% ethanol and subjected to phytochemical general test to investigate the plant active contents. Totat flavonoids were isolated through plant reflex in acidic aqeous solution to obtain the aglycone flavonoids using ethylacetate as an organic solvent. Qualification and quantification of the isolated total flavonoids were done in coressponding to standard s flavonoids. An antimicrobial activity for the crud ethanolic extract and the isolated total flavonoids had been carried out on some skin infectous agents using the following strain: Staph aureus, Pseudomoneus aerogenosa  and Candida albicans. Results: the outcome showed that the plant contain major active constituent included flavonoids Tannins, polysaccharides, alkaloids,saponines and Polyphenolic compounds.The plant contains many types of flavonoids including Rutin, Qurecetin, Kampferol and Luteolin, and each 100 g fresh aerial parts will contain 28 mg total flavonoids. The amount of each type of flavonoids were detected by HPLC technique. the extracted flavonoids at concentation of 4mg/ml showed potent effect upon the gram bacteria  negative pseudomonas aeruginosa  which is known to be more virulence than the gram positive strains but has no effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Also the extracted flavonoids appeared to be  affected against  the Candida albicans growth. Conclusion: the ethanolic extractv of  locally plant L.draba is effecient to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and decrease the chances of skin infection  that provided the justification for therapeutic potential as supplementary or alternative medicine.