Environmental and civil engineering projects frequently employ the open channel side intake structure. However, the commonest among the issues faced in most of the lateral intakes include sedimentation and sediment delivery. This involves several problems namely, decreased flow discharge capacity in the irrigation canals and the threat of water blockage during times of low water flow. Besides, this problem with the sediment either lowers the performance levels or causes failure of the facilities that this sub-channel serves. Hence, the engineers focused on designing an intake with the features of high flow discharge and low sediment delivery. This paper attempts to review and summarize the literature relevant to the branching channel flow and submerged vane technique to minimize the sediment-related issues. The present review highlights that most of the earlier research work done dealt with the characteristics of the flow in a right-angle branch channel possessing rigid confines. Also, more investigations are required regarding the implications of the submerged vanes. Besides, no comprehensive studies are available on the saddle point itself, and a high percentage of the studies have been part of earlier investigations that had focused on only briefly outlining this subject.

To a great extent, for hydraulic structures,the durabilityrelies upon the resistance that the concrete surface offers to mechanical wear. The surface damage caused by the process of uninterrupted material removal,induced by the impact of the water-borne solid particles, is termed hydro-abrasion. In nearly all hydraulic structures, this kind of progressive deterioration of the concrete surfaces is observed, in different intensities. Obviously, such hydro-abrasive concrete wearing normally results in areduction in the service life of the hydro-technical facility, and consequently because of the repairs required, thenon-functioning of the facility during the repair period results in an expenditurespike. The influence exerted by the flow inclination angle was determined in this study. Numerical estimations were made of the four different angles (30°, 45°, 60°and 90°) employing the ANSYS software and discret phase model (DPM) to simulate the fluid particles. From the findings of numerical investigations, it was clear that the maximum erosion rate can be reached when the flow inclination angle is 45° while the lowest rate can be achieved at a flow inclinationangle of 30°.

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Basically, the durability of hydraulic structures is heavily influenced by concrete surface resistance against mechanical wear. Hydro-abrasion is the term used to describe deterioration of concrete surface inflicted by the continuous removal of surface material due to the effect of water-dragged solids. This type of cumulative damage for the surface of concrete may be seen in practically all hydraulic systems, in varying degrees of severity. Essentially, such hydro-abrasive concrete wear reduces the life span of the hydraulic structure, and as a result of the maintenance necessary, the facility's non-operation during the repair time increases costs. The impact employed by the flow inclination angle, density (sand concentration in water), and velocity were studied in this work. The three various angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) different densities (35 and 45 kg/m3), and different velocities of 600, 900, and 1200 rpm were numerically determined using the program of ANSYS and the discrete phase model (DPM) for simulating the fluid solids. According to the directed numerical simulation, the greatest rate of erosion was observed when the inclination angle of the flowing water was 60°, while the least value was obtained when the inclination angle of flow was 45°, in addition, the erosion rate increases as the density and velocity increases.

In many hydraulic constructions such as dams, spillways and stilling basins, large of amounts concrete can be damaged depending upon the long-term activity of water-borne solids. To a great extent, for hydraulic structures, the durability relies upon the resistance that the concrete surface offers to mechanical wear. The surface damage caused by the uninterrupted material removal process, induced by the impact of the water borne solid particles, is termed hydro-abrasion. In nearly all hydraulic structures, this kind of progressive deterioration of the concrete surfaces is observed, to different intensities. Obviously, such hydro-abrasive concrete wearing normally results in a reduction in the service life of the hydro-technical facility, and consequently because of the repairs necessitated, the non-functioning of the facility during the repair period results in an expenditure spike. The objective of this article is to: understand the mechanisms of concrete abrasion-erosion followed by brief iscussion about the factors remarkably impact the rate of abrasion erosion also through these studies, it was concluded the improvement of the abrasion resistance needstomodify the concrete characteristics also increase the compressive strength.