Background: Viral cause of sporadic breast cancer (SBC) has been suggested based on the experimental murine model of mammary tumor caused by mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human papillomavirus (HPV). While some studies have demonstrated the presence of viral sequences of MMTV, HPV, and EBV in breast cancer cells, others failed. These contradictions may be attributed to the geographical distribution of breast cancer incidence and/or technical variations. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the correlation of MMTV, HPV, and EBV infections with the development of breast cancer in Jordanian patients. Methods: One hundred SBC tissue samples were subjected to laser capture microdissection for the selection of tumor cells populations. Fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of the MMTV env-like sequences. Real-time PCR was used for HPV and EBV detection, and EBV was further confirmed by chromogen in situ hybridization (CISH). Results: Mouse mammary tumor virus, HPV, and EBV were detected in SBC in 11%, 21%, and 23%, respectively. Only 3 of 52 (5.7%) positive cases demonstrated multiple virus infections. However, 49 of 52 (94%) of the positive cases revealed the presence of 1 type of viral sequences. Consequently, 52% of the studied breast cancer cases were infected with at least 1 type of the aforementioned viruses. Conclusions: The current cohort suggests that MMTV, HPV, and EBV have a potential role in the development of breast cancer and adding more reasons to proceed with the quest of a possible viral origin of breast cancer.

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The Internet became an indispensable part of people's lives because of the significant role it plays in the way individuals interact, communicate and collaborate with each other. Also, the recent evolvements in social media (such as blogs, websites and other social networking tools like Facebook, Twitter and Googleplus) tempted governments around the world to join these sites in a try to benefit from the new way of communication and interaction provided by such tools. On the other hand, social media has become a platform that is easily accessible to anyone with Internet access which makes governments that joined these sites have the capacity to rebuild the relationship with their citizens and increase the level of citizens' engagement and participation. In order to achieve the goal of this paper, the Jordan e-government page on Facebook is taken as a case study. Several page insights indicates that there is a good level of engagement by citizens, where they interact positively with the posts published by the page through making a like, comment, share, answering a question or just see the page. Also, it is noticeable that the insights show that the page fan base is mostly comprised of men between 25 and 34.

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Online retail stores are a new booming phenomenon in the Arab world. Recent years witnessed a significant increase in the number of Arabic online stores launched for different kinds of products and services. Stores offer grocery products, fashion and life style items, and electronics and technology devices. Regardless of the growing investments in the Arabic online retail sector, Arabic consumers are still doubtful about online shopping. This research investigated the factors affecting Jordanians' purchase intentions from online stores by extending the technology acceptance model (TAM) to include payment method. The model included payment method (PM), perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU), as direct predictors of the intention to use online stores and moderated by consumers' level of trust of such factors. Results indicated that TAM predictors, and payment methods do affect consumers' intention to purchase online. However, PM and PEOU relationships with the intention to shop online are the only relationships moderated by trust.