The lyotropic liquid crystals formed in the sodium dodecyl sulphate + water system have been studied using optical microscopy, low-angle X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Optical microscopy reveals the presence of a mesophase at compositions between those of the hexagonal and lamellar phases. The magnitudes of water and sodium n.m.r. quadrupole splittings indicate that this phase contains rod micelles similar to those in the hexagonal phase, despite the fact that the material aligns at glass surfaces with the director normal to the surface. The X-ray measurements suggest that the phase has a deformed hexagonal structure and results from a gradual distortion of the hexagonal lattice with increasing surfactant concentration. An hypothesis to account for its formation and properties is proposed, involving hydrogen-bonded water links between micelles.

The frequency and impact of sexual offenses have led to the recent enactment of sexual “predator” laws. Such laws are intended to reduce sexual violence through treatment and involuntary confinement. Sixty years ago, similar laws identifying “sexual psychopaths” were enacted and, in many states, eventually repealed for multiple reasons; among those reasons was an inability to demonstrate that treatment had any significant impact on recidivism. That inability forced us to reexamine, among other issues, the population(s) which undergo treatment, the outcomes that are used to measure treatment effectiveness, and the processes that constitute treatment itself. Those issues are considered in this paper through a review of treatment programs based on psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive–behavioral theories. Although the evidence is sparse, it is fair to conclude that the latter have been found to be effective. We call for dynamic measures, effective treatments, and the resources necessary for both developments. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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