A new model is proposed for interpreting two-dimensional diffusion-relaxation nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) maps by including the effects of restriction on the diffusion of water in a connected porous medium. The model's theoretical underpinnings are reviewed and a correlation derived between the diffusion and relaxation of restricted water molecules, i.e., the expected 'water line' where the water signal should appear on 2D NMR maps. The main application discussed in this paper is to improve the quantitative separation of different fluids in the formation, leading to better prediction of water and hydrocarbon saturations. In many carbonate formations, the effects of restriction may be quite pronounced making the standard fluid characterization with diffusion-relaxation maps questionable. The restricted-diffusion model is applied to laboratory measurements on carbonate core plugs and to an example log from a Middle East carbonate well where the saturations obtained with the new model are compared against other measures of saturation available in the dataset.

In a low-permeability Middle East carbonate reservoir, geologists, petrophysicists, and reservoir and drilling engineers had multiple requirements to optimally place the well, characterize and model fractures and faults, and evaluate the petrophysical attributes and cutoffs of the formation. A suite of logging-while-drilling (LWD) sensors was combined into a single bottomhole assembly (BHA) with the objective of acquiring the information needed to update the static model. An integrated study was then performed using production logs, which led to an improved dynamic model within this sector of the reservoir.An additional objective was to evaluate the contribution from each sensor for future applications in this field, or in similar fields. Based on this assessment, a workflow was agreed upon for optimizing the petrophysical data acquisition program and conveyance methods. From a scientific point of view, the comparison of the various logs and images helped to better understand the response of the various sensor measurements for this particular field.

The drilling of development wells in sand stringers involves very thin and sinuous targets. These targets are the channel sand stringers and contain a substantial amount of hydrocarbons. Optimal well placement is a requirement for these very thin reservoirs in order to drain them in a cost effective manner. Conventional well placement has met with limited success in stringers and the production can be expected to be low from these stringers. A technology driven approach of detecting the formation changes early during drilling was needed. These changes, when addressed, can be translated into maximizing reservoir contact, limiting well-bore tortuosity thus enhancing optimal production. Due to the uncertainty that is inherently present in the distribution of the channel sands, the prediction of the azimuth of channel meander can now be confidently solidified with new deep and directional electromagnetic measurements (EM) tool. This is a technology which uses directional EM through the use of tilted and transverse current-loop antennas. By detecting the upper and lower conductive shale boundaries the wells have been steered in this very challenging environment of channel sands. This technology has proven to be a major success in the development of the sand stringers by improving the Net to Gross ratio by more than 50% and hence the longevity and producabilty of the stringer wells as compared to conventional well placement LWD techniques. Introduction Fluvial channels are an important petroleum exploration target in many basins due to their high sand quality and excellent hydrocarbon trapping mechanisms. One way to achieve higher recovery factors in such reservoirs is to increase reservoir contact by drilling horizontal wells. Horizontal well placement in such an environment is challenging due to the changes in reservoir thickness and sand body orientation. To meet this challenge, it is critical to understand the shape of such bodies and the features associated with such depositional system. Flowing rivers in fluvial environments deposit sands in different ways depending on several factors such as stream gradient, consistency of discharge rate, transported sediment grain size, type of the scour surface, the effects of vegetation and natural levees. Depending on these factors we can have different types of fluvial deposits. Recent development drilling operations in Saudi Arabia involve targets near the flanks of the main structure. In last few years a number of wells have been drilled using the newly developed well placement technologies and significantly better net to gross ratio were achieved. The objective of this paper is to share the results of advance well placement process using new technology and its application in main clastic oil fields of Saudi Arabia. Geological Setting The reservoir is thick sequence of quartz-rich sand stones, siltstones, shale and various types of ironstones (siderite, chamosite, and glauconite).

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The mobile phone has become an integral part of modern life, with its capabilities now include data transfer and internet browsing in addition to voice communication. The purpose of this project is to create a notification system and connect it to the university's website. By connecting, it achieves a high level of efficiency in organizing interactions between the university and the students as well as teachers. by connecting the system to the educational database of the university using the latest technologies can save the efforts and time of the students. It will offer a variety of information on education, courses, and college students in general that will aid the machine in deciding to whom to send notifications. Additionally, it entails sending notifications, examination timetables, hall tickets and reviewing information such as university enrollment number and results.