The patient with the large renal calculi is recommended with retrograde intrarenal surgery by the physicians. It is minimally invasive approach for the treatment. Objective: The study was conducted for evaluation of the intraoperative and postoperative complications associated with the retrograde intrarenal surgery RIRS. The stone free rate rates were also compared. Methods: The 231 patients who visited the Urology department of our teaching hospital were included in the study. The duration of this study was from January 2021 to June 2021. The patients were divided into six groups. The calculi of dimension 1-9 mm were included in the group 1, while 10-19 mm were included in the group 2, 20-29 mm were included in group 3. The calculi of dimension 30-39 mm were included in group 4, the calculi of dimension 40-49 mm in group 5, while calculi greater than 50mm dimension were included in the group 6. The post-operative complications were reported while six-month follow months. Results: Out of the 231 patients included in the study. According to the study smallest size of calculi observed to be 3 mm and the largest size of calculi was found to be 60 mm. The average size of the calculi came out to be 22.9 ± 11.2 mm. The adverse events were observed in different groups. 11% of the patients reported some intraoperative negative effects. There were 31 patients that showed post procedure complications but these complications were later on found to be gone leaving no adverse side effect. 10% patients that undergo repetitive RIRS to clear the stones and were later-on confirmed stone free. Conclusion: For the treatment and management of the renal stones that are more than 20 mm in size RIRS is an encouraging option. There was a size dependent enhancement in the complications that take place after the procedure. There was no case of stone related events reported in patients that took care of follow up sessions to get rid of residual stones.

Background: Normally female urethral stricture (FUS) is uncommon and underdiagnosed condition. It is raising a diagnostic challenge for the physicians. It is the one of the rarely known urological entity. Urethral dilatation is the traditionally used treatment for urethral stricture (FUS). The female urethroplasty have shown the promising outcomes. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the outcome of the dorsal onlay urethoplasty FU obtained by using buccal mucosal graft and vaginal wall graft. The FU is more effective treatment for female urethral stricture (FUS) as compared to the repeated dilatation. Study design: It is a retrospective study with the statistical approach, conducted at Urology Department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad from June 2021 to November 2021. Material and Methods: The women who underwent the dorsal onlay urethropasty at the urology department of the hospital were included in the study. The outcomes of BMG and VWG were compared. The re-intervention was marked as failure. The association symptom score, postvoid residual urine (PVR), cystourethrogram, cystoscopy and uretheral calibration were included in the assessment. Operating time, catheter time, etiology, location, length, prior interventions and suprapubic cystostomy were the other parameters that was also reported. For the statistical analysis the Mann-Whitney test, t-test and proportion test was performed. Results: The calculated mean age of the patients included in the group was 48 years. Its range was between the 26 to 76 years. The women visited the urology department of the hospital from June 2021 to June 2022. The average follow-up was for 26 months. The AUA symptoms changes from 22 to 6, Qmax from 4ml/s to 26ml/s and RVR from 185ml to 7ml. The operating time was the only parameter showed the difference, while other remained the same. The 94% was the overall urethral patency rate. Conclusion: For the substitution of dorsal onlay urethroplasty the use of VWG and BMG is highly recommended. It is an efficient and reliable treatment method. There are very low chances of complication and it has an easy protocol. Apparently, no specific change was observed in the FUS treatment by BMG and VWG. Keywords: Female urethral stricture (FUS), buccal mucosal graft, vaginal wall graft, postvoid residual urine (PVR), dorsal onlay urethroplasty.

Background: urinary retention is characterized as body inability to empty the bladder completely by voluntary micturition. The UR is highly observed in the male adult. But the limited and sufficient knowledge is present about its causes and associated complication. Objective: It is most common urological emergency in hospitals. The study aimed to evaluate the causes and associated complications of urinary retention. Material and Methods: This prospective hospital based study was conducted on 176 patients visited the emergency department of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad over a period of 06 months. The review board and ethical committee of the hospital approved the study. Informed consent was taken from all patients included in study. A brief history and examination was done to establish the diagnosis. Urinary retention was relived either by per urethral or supra-pubic cathrterization followed by detailed history, examination and investigations. The urine sample of each patient was taken for urinalysis. Baseline investigations were done on every patients. Depending on the clinical impression the investigations were individualized. The results were retrieved from the collected data. The data was statistically analyzed by using SPSS software. Results: 176 patients were recruited during this research time. The patients mean age was 58.81±17.36SD. The maximum number of patients encountered in age group of 55-74years. Most common cause of urinary retention was enlarge prostate 67.04%, followed by urethral stricture 18.75% and impacted urethral/Urinary bladder stone 14.20%. Acute urinary retention was diagnosed in 62.50% while 37.50% were diagnosed as chronic urinary retention. The 65.34% patients were treated with per urethral catheterization and 34.66% were treated with supra-pubic catheterization. In 62.50% patients no complication were observed while in other 19.88% were diagnosed with urinary tract infection and 17.62% with the renal insufficiency. Conclusion: Urinary retention is common in adult patients. Enlarge prostate was the one of the main cause of urinary retention. The most common type of retention was acute urinary retention. Complications were mostly associated with chronic urinary retention. Keywords: Urinary retention, Complications, adult male, Enlarge Prostate and acute urinary retention.