Context: Migraine is a major dilemma and problem which affects public health and results to reduced quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of migraine in Iran.Evidence Acquisition: A systematic search was conducted using Pub Med, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Ovid, Google Scholar, as well as Iranian databases including: MagIran, IranMedex and Scientific Information Databank, from 2000 to November, 2015. The Der-Simonian/Laird's random-effects model, with a 95% confidence interval was employed to estimate the overall pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity was investigated using subgroup analysis based on sample size and time of study.Results: Thirty studies comprising 33,873 participants met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. The overall prevalence of migraine in Iran was 14% (95% CI, 12% to 17%), respectively. The overall prevalence was (8%; 95% CI 6% to 11%) according to the international classification of headache disorders (ICHD-1), (17%; 95% CI 13% to 21%) according to ICHD-2, and (18%; 95% CI 7% to 30%) according to the other questionnaire for migraine screener (ID Migraine), respectively. Meta-regression demonstrated that the prevalence of migraine increased by year of publication and decreased by sample size. Conclusions:The prevalence of migraine in Iran, which was estimated as 14%, was similar or even higher than that reported worldwide. Migraine can have impact on the economic productivity of any country; therefore it is necessary to educate people on the early detection and the discovery of an effective treatment of migraine. More thorough review of further studies in this field is recommended.

Background: Medical malpractice represents a serious problem in the health system and is one of the risk factors for patient safety which damages the patient and increases costs for the patient and the health care provider. The importance of these complaints against physicians is that litigation may continue for a long time and become problematic for patients and physicians. The objective of this study was to investigate the complaints of medical malpractices which were referred to Iran Medical Council to provide solutions to reduce the complaints and improve service delivery. Methods: Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Iranian databases, such as MagIran, SID, and Irandoc, were searched from 01/01/1990 to 07/01/2018. Also, the grey literature (via Google Scholar) was searched. Studies written in English or in Persian were searched, and keywords used included malpractice, negligence, medical malpractice, physician impairment, Iran, and professional impairment. Results: Nearly 1455 complaints (36%) of the total number of 3977 complaints were proved to be medical malpractice, and physicians were acquitted in 2542 (64%) cases. Most complaints were from gynaecologists, accounting for 43% of all complaints, followed by orthopaedic specialists who ranked second with 21.4% of the total complaints. The most type of failure was due to lack of skill (30.4%), followed by negligence (29.2%). Imprudence or indiscretion (26.3%) and noncompliance with governmental requirements (14.1%) were also in the next ranks, respectively. Conclusion: Improving patient and physician relationships, observing medical ethics, increasing the scientific and technical skills of the medical staff, and following the guidelines and medical protocols will prevent medical malpractice. Therefore, health policymakers can reduce errors and failures by adopting continuing education on medical, ethical, and legal issues.

Background:Hemodialysis is a major therapeutic method for many chronic kidney disease patients that causes complications. One of these complications tends to be sleep disorders. This study was performed through systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of low sleep quality in hemodialysis patients in Iran.Materials and Methods:Journal papers written in English and Persian searched from January 2000 to July 2018 were selected. The search keywords included (Prevalence OR Epidemiology) AND (hemorenodialysis OR hemodialysate OR 'intermittent chronic haemodialysis' OR 'intermittent chronic hemodialysis' OR 'intermittent haemodialysis' OR 'intermittent hemodialysis' OR 'kidney dialysis' OR 'renal dialysis') AND ('sleep problem' OR 'sleep disturbance' OR 'sleep disorder' OR 'sleep quality' OR 'chronobiology disorders' OR dyssomnia). To determine the pooled prevalence, the stochastic DerSimonian-Laird model was used, computing the effect size with its 95 per cent confidence interval. The main international electronic databases were Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Psych INFO, and Iranian databases such as MagIran, SID and Irandoc. The data were analysed using the Stata (version 13.0).Results:After searching through the databases and other resources, 21 articles (7 in Persian and 14 in English language) were included. The overall prevalence of low sleep quality in dialysis patients was 75.30 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 70.08–82.50). The heterogeneity study showed moderate heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 50.30 per cent, p < 0.05).Conclusions:The results of this study showed that the prevalence of low sleep quality in hemodialysis patients has become a common problem. Thus, patients' sleep quality need to be evaluated periodically.

Background: Low birth weight (LBW), a crucial determinant of neonatal complications, represents a major public health concern worldwide. Epidemiological research is of crucial importance for designing and implementing ad hoc interventions for this issue, helping and guiding decision- and policy-makers in each country to prevent the increased prevalence of LBW in infants through estimating the prevalence rate, identifying and controlling major risk factors. The present investigation aimed to systematically assess LBW prevalence rate in Iran and its determinants. Methods: PubMed/Medline via Ovid, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus as well as Magiran, SID and Irandoc were searched from inception until November 2016. Also, the grey literature (via Google Scholar) was mined. The DerSimonian-Laird model was exploited. The I2 and Q-test tests were used to investigate heterogeneity between the studies. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to ensure the robustness and validity of our findings. Different cumulative meta-analyses were conducted stratifying according to the year of publication and sample size. Any potential bias in publication was assessed carrying out the Egger’s test. Results: LBW prevalence rate was estimated to be 8% (95%CI: 7-9) in Iran. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of finding. Studies were cumulated by the year of publication, and the results did not change pre- and post-cumulative meta-analysis. No publication bias could be observed. Conclusion: LBW prevalence rate in Iran is well comparable with the prevalence figures of both developed and developing countries. This could be due to the health reforms implemented in Iran throughout the years.

Allopurinol and febuxostat are urate-lowering drugs used for the long-term treatment of gout through reducing the uric acid levels. More studies have indicated cost-effectiveness of febuxostat in reducing serum urate concentration and showed that it alleviates gout flares better than allopurinol. However, related studies have reported conflicting results about the cost-effectiveness of these drugs. →What this article adds:Febuxostat is more cost-effective than allopurinol in all treatment sequences in studies which have used uric acid level as the measure of effectiveness. In addition, febuxostat has been shown to be more costeffective as the second-line treatment in studies with the quality of life as the measure of effectiveness.