Electrically conductive polymers and carbon-based materials are emerging as promising biomaterials for applications in bone tissue engineering solutions. Carbon-based conductive materials may be more suitable alternatives due to their ability...

Since its emergence nearly 30 years ago with the goal of fabricating replacement human tissues or assisting the body in repairing itself, several advances have been made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The assembly of living cells into tissues is akin to the scale-up operation of a chemical or biochemical process with several modules or units affecting the final product. The major modules or units in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are cells, biodegradable scaffolds, bioreactors, and biomolecules. Each module is analogous to unit operations, where individual units must come together to successfully design engineered tissues for therapeutic and drug discovery applications. Basic principles of biological sciences, chemical engineering, materials chemistry, and polymer processing are frequently employed. More specifically, knowledge about viscous fluid flow, mass transfer, and reaction engineering is essential in tissue engineering. In this review article, we present the nexus between chemical engineering and tissue engineering for the rational design of engineered tissues or injectable cellladen hydrogel systems.

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