Intensive renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury did not decrease mortality, improve recovery of kidney function, or reduce the rate of nonrenal organ failure as compared with less-intensive therapy involving a defined dose of intermittent hemodialysis three times per week and continuous renal-replacement therapy at 20 ml per kilogram per hour. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00076219.)

No abstract

OBJECTIVE:To describe how alcohol use disorders (AUDs) affect women, focusing on gender-specific implications for primary care physicians (PCPs). A lcohol is the drug of choice among American women.Six million women meet the diagnostic criteria for current abuse or dependence. Until recently, most research, prevention and treatment efforts have been extrapolated from men to women without evidence of whether important and significant gender differences may exist. Within primary care settings, a large proportion of both male and female patients, (approximately 10% to 20%, depending on the severity of the disorder studied), suffer from alcohol use disorders (AUDs). 1±3 Women are more likely than men to seek help for alcohol problems in health care settings, yet are less likely to be identified and diagnosed. 4±6 For many of these women the visit to their primary care provider may be an important opportunity for screening and potential entry into treatment. Research has shown that screening and brief interventions for AUDs in women by primary care providers are effective in reducing future alcohol consumption. 7,8 Given the high prevalence of female patients with AUDs and the fact that currently fewer than half of such cases are properly identified, 5,9 primary care physicians (PCPs) need to take a more active role in identifying such patients.The objective of this paper is to describe how AUDs affect women, the known gender-specific differences in AUDs, and implications for PCPs. Specifically, we will review known differences between men and women suffering from AUDs by epidemiology, genetics, biology, presentation, definition and screening, social context, course and medical consequences, psychiatric comorbidity, victimization and violence, and treatment. Our review of this enormous literature is necessarily selective and we pay greatest attention to those areas of clinical significance to PCPs.