Background A key challenge inhibiting the timely initiation of pediatric antiretroviral treatment is the loss to follow-up of mothers and their infants between the time of mothers' HIV diagnoses in pregnancy and return after delivery for early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV. We sought to identify barriers to follow-up of HIV-exposed infants in rural Zambézia Province, Mozambique. Methods We determined follow-up rates for early infant diagnosis and age at first test in a retrospective cohort of 443 HIV-infected mothers and their infants. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with successful follow-up. Results Of the 443 mother-infant pairs, 217 (49%) mothers enrolled in the adult HIV care clinic, and only 110 (25%) infants were brought for early infant diagnosis. The predictors of follow-up for EID were larger household size (OR=1.30; 95% CI, 1.09-1.53), independent maternal source of income (OR=10.8; 95% CI, 3.42-34.0), greater distance from the hospital (OR=2.14; 95% CI, 1.01-4.51) and maternal receipt of ART (OR=3.15; 95% CI, 1.02-9.73). The median age at first test among 105 infants was 5 months (interquartile range 2 to 7); 16% of the tested infants were infected. Conclusions Three of four HIV-infected women in rural Mozambique did not bring their children for early infant HIV diagnosis. Maternal receipt of ART has favorable implications for maternal health that will increase the likelihood of early infant diagnosis. We are working with local health authorities to improve the linkage of HIV-infected women to HIV care to maximize early infant diagnosis and care.

Most children with coronavirus disease 2019 infection are asymptomatic or have mild disease. About 5% of infected children will develop severe or critical disease. Rapid identification and treatment are essential for children who are critically ill with signs and symptoms of respiratory failure, septic shock, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. This article is intended for pediatricians, pediatric emergency physicians, and individuals involved in the emergency care of children. It reviews the current epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children, summarizes key aspects of clinical assessment including identification of high-risk patients and manifestations of severe disease, and provides an overview of COVID-19 management in the emergency department based on clinical severity.

A 17-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with bilateral triceps pain, swelling, and stiffness after participating in 2 days of summer cheerleading camp in August 2015. Serum creatine kinase (CK) was measured at 32 531 IU/L. The patient was diagnosed with exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER). A full chemistry panel (serum electrolytes, serum urea nitrogen/creatinine, glucose, calcium, magnesium, phosphate), serum CK, and urinalysis with microscopy was obtained. The patient received 2 L normal saline (NS) by intravenous (IV) bolus in the emergency department and was admitted to the inpatient ward. As she was one of several patients subsequently admitted from her cheerleading training camp, the pediatric hospitalist and nephrology services created a standardized inpatient management protocol according to which all admitted patients were treated (Table 1). This protocol delineated admission criteria, approach to inpatient management with contingency planning, and discharge criteria. It is based on current adult and pediatric literature on rhabdomyolysis and clinician expertise. 1-5 Question What Is Currently Known About ER and Its Optimal Management? DISCUSSION Acute rhabdomyolysis is a potentially fatal illness, defined by the triad of muscle weakness, myalgias, and elevation in serum CK. 6 Causes of rhabdomyolysis include infectious, traumatic, medication-induced, exertional, metabolic, and genetic. 2 Viral infection is the most common cause in school-aged children, whereas in adolescents, trauma is the most common cause. 8 ER, or exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis, is a subset of rhabdomyolysis, and therefore a potential cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and subsequent need for renal replacement therapy. Although the pathogenesis of ER is not completely understood, tissue injury is thought to occur when muscle energy requirements exceed maximal adenosine triphosphate production. Consequent muscle necrosis results in the release of intracellular calcium, potassium, and myoglobin, the latter of which causes AKI. 9