Data are limited regarding cancer risk in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected persons with modest immunosuppression, before the onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). For some cancers, risk may be affected by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) widely available since 1996. We linked HIV/AIDS and cancer registries in Colorado, Florida and New Jersey. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) compared cancer risk in HIV‐infected persons (initially AIDS‐free) during the 5‐year period after registration with the general population. Poisson regression was used to compare incidence across subgroups, adjusting for demographic factors. Among 57,350 HIV‐infected persons registered during 1991–2002 (median CD4 count 491 cells/mm3), 871 cancers occurred during follow‐up. Risk was elevated for Kaposi sarcoma (KS, SIR 1,300 [n = 173 cases]), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, 7.3 [n = 203]), cervical cancer (2.9 [n = 28]) and several non‐AIDS‐defining malignancies, including Hodgkin lymphoma (5.6 [n = 36]) and cancers of the lung (2.6 [n = 109]) and liver (2.7 [n = 14]). KS and NHL incidence declined over time but nonetheless remained elevated in 1996–2002. Incidence increased in 1996–2002 compared to 1991–1995 for Hodgkin lymphoma (relative risk 2.7, 95%CI 1.0–7.1) and liver cancer (relative risk infinite, one‐sided 95%CI 1.1‐infinity). Non‐AIDS‐defining cancers comprised 31.4% of cancers in 1991–1995, versus 58.0% in 1996–2002. For KS and NHL, risk was inversely related to CD4 count, but these associations attenuated after 1996. We conclude that KS and NHL incidence declined markedly in recent years, likely reflecting HAART‐related improvements in immunity, while incidence of some non‐AIDS‐defining cancers increased. These trends have led to a shift in the spectrum of cancer among HIV‐infected persons. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Understanding the effects of acute exercise on executive function in prepubescent children may be important for the enhancement of school performance. This study assessed the effect of an acute bout of continuous (CONT) or intermittent (INT), moderate intensity treadmill exercise on executive function in young children. Twenty healthy children (age: 8.8 ±0.8y; height: 140 ±9cm; body mass: 36 ±11kg; boys: n= 9) performed a graded-exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake, and two, 15 minute submaximal bouts of treadmill exercise; protocols were either CONT or INT. During CONT, participants ran at 90% of gas exchange threshold. During INT, participants performed six consecutive, 2.5 minute 'blocks' of exercise, which were designed to reflect children's typical activity patterns, comprising: 45s at a heavy intensity, 33s at a moderate intensity, 10s at a severe intensity, and 62s at a low intensity. Participants performed the Stroop task before-and after (1min_Post, 15min_Post, 30min_Post) the submaximal exercise bouts. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measured cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. Regardless of Condition, Stroop performance was improved at 1min_Post compared to Pre (54.9 ±9.8 cf. 57.9 ±11s, respectively, P<0.01) and improvements were maintained until 30min_Post. NIRS (oxyhaemoglobin, total haemoglobin) explained a significant amount of variance in the change in Stroop performance for INT only (49%, P<0.05). An acute bout of exercise, of either an intermittent or continuous nature, improves executive function in children, and effects are maintained for ≤30 minutes following exercise cessation. Accordingly, it is recommended that children should engage in physical activity during periods of school recess.

DisclaimerThe University of Gloucestershire has obtained warranties from all depositors as to their title in the material deposited and as to their right to deposit such material.The University of Gloucestershire makes no representation or warranties of commercial utility, title, or fitness for a particular purpose or any other warranty, express or implied in respect of any material deposited.The University of Gloucestershire makes no representation that the use of the materials will not infringe any patent, copyright, trademark or other property or proprietary rights.The University of Gloucestershire accepts no liability for any infringement of intellectual property rights in any material deposited but will remove such material from public view pending investigation in the event of an allegation of any such infringement. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR TEXT. 1 ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE POSTURE ON EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK PATIENTS AbstractIn patients with stroke or transient ischaemic attacks (TIA), a decline in executive function may limit an individual's ability to process motor tasks and re-learn motor skills. The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effect of exercise posture (seated vs. supine cycle ergometry) on executive function and prefrontal cortex perfusion, in patients with TIA. Eleven TIA patients (65±10y) and 15 age-matched, healthy-controls (HC; 62±7y) completed two graded exercise tests to maximal functional capacity (1 x seated; 1 x supine) and two 30-minute sub-maximal exercise tests (1 x seated, 1 x supine). Executive function was assessed prior-to and following (1.5-min Post, 15-min Post) the submaximal exercise tests using a Stroop Task.Prefrontal cortex perfusion (total hemoglobin) was continuously recorded using near infrared spectroscopy. Group had no significant influence on prefrontal cortex perfusion (P > .05). In conclusion, executive function improves to a similar extent in TIA and age-matched, healthy-controls following an acute bout of exercise, regardless of exercise posture (seated vs. supine). As acute improvements in executive function were maintained for 15 minutes, there could be an important window of opportunity for assigning executive tasks following exercise rehabilitation for patients with TIA.

As children’s natural activity patterns are highly intermittent in nature, and characterised by rapid changes from rest to vigorous physical activity, discontinuous exercise tests may be considered ecologically valid for this population group. This study compared the peak physiological responses from a discontinuous and continuous graded exercise test (GXT_D, GXT_C, respectively) during treadmill exercise in children. Twenty-one healthy children (9.6 ± 0.6 y) completed GXT_D and GXT_C in a randomised order, separated by 72-hours. Following each GXT, and after a 15-minute recovery, participants completed a verification test at 105% of the velocity attained at peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). There were no differences in VO2peak (55.3 ± 8.2 cf. 54.4 ± 7.6 mL·kg-1·min-1) or maximal heart rate (202 ± 10 cf. 204 ± 8 b·min-1) between GXT_C and GXT_D, respectively (P>.05). Peak running speed (10.7 ± 0.9 cf. 12.1 ± 1.3 km·h-1) and respiratory exchange ratio (1.04 ± 0.05 cf. 0.92 ± 0.05) were however different between tests (P<.001). Although similar peak physiological values were revealed between GXT_C and the corresponding verification test (P>.05), VO2peak (53.3 ± 7.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) and heart rate (197 ± 13 b·min-1) were significantly lower in the GXT_D verification test (P<.05). In conclusion, a discontinuous GXT is an accurate measure of VO2peak in children aged 8 to 10 years and may be a valid alternative to a continuous GXT, despite its longer duration.