Recent work illustrates that early childhood victimization and oppressive neighborhood dynamics predict female offending. Revised strain theory is used to illuminate how such early experiences lead White and minority women to initial involvement in crime. Moreover, another developmental perspective, the life course theory, explains how similar adult experiences may lead women toward ongoing persistence or desistance. Using Waves 1 and 7 of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, findings reveal that early childhood victimization, adult racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, and having been a victim of domestic violence explain women's involvement in crime and deviance, whereas desistance processes remain largely unidentified.

A case study of Dow Chemical Company using scholarly research, journalistic investigations, and government documents reveals the existence of the criminogenic corporate-state. The Corporate-State manages and regulates itself with limited interference from the Environmental Protection Agency and in the form of Dow Chemicals is responsible for numerous environmental crimes both nationally and globally all of which have been linked to numerous health, labor and economic problems. Future researchers are encouraged to undertake similar case studies to expose the Corporate-State and the criminal harms done to ordinary citizens for the sake of profit.

Corporate crime remains more costly and arguably more harmful than street crime and such harms include environmental, air, and water pollution resulting in increasing cancer mortality rates around the globe. More importantly, these corporate crimes are global in nature and facilitated by transnational corporations' capture of the USA Environmental Protection Agency.

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